Updated with Lesson 5: Include files for subroutines.

.gitignore

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 *~
 \#*
 .\#*
-hello32
+hello
-hello64
+strlen
-counted-hello32
+subroutines
-counted-hello64
+includes
-subroutine-hello32
-subroutine-hello64

x86/Makefile

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ strlen: strlen.o  ## Build Lesson 2: Determine length programmatically
 subroutines: subroutines.o  ## Build Lesson 3: Separate strlen() and puts() into subroutine.
 	$(LD) -m $(LINK_32) -o $@ $<
 
+includes: includes.o  ## Build Lesson 4: Separate strlen() and puts() into their own files.
+	$(LD) -m $(LINK_32) -o $@ $<
+
 help: run-help   ## Print this helpful message (default)
 
 clean:

x86/functions.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+    ;; This is an includes file.  It doesn't have its own compilation
+    ;; capabilities.  There is no namespacing in assembly language;
+    ;; try not to use these names in your own code.
+    
+    ;; sys/unistd_32.h
+%define     SYS_write	4
+%define     SYS_exit	1
+
+    ;; unistd.h
+%define STDOUT		1
+
+    ;; strlen() function.  Takes eax as an argument - the pointer to
+    ;; the initial string.  Returns eax as the result - the length of
+    ;; the string.
+
+strlen:
+    push    ebx                 ; We'll be borrowing this register, so we put its
+                                ; current value on the stack.
+    mov     ebx, eax
+
+    ;; Note that even though these have underscores to indicate that
+    ;; outside users should not use them, they're still globally
+    ;; accesible in this program's namespace.  A user could
+    ;; theoretically call _strlen_done from anywhere.  Assembly gives
+    ;; you ALL the opportunities to shoot yourself in the foot!
+_strlen_next:
+    cmp     byte [eax], 0
+    jz      _strlen_done
+    inc     eax
+    jmp     _strlen_next
+
+_strlen_done:
+    sub     eax, ebx
+    pop     ebx                 ; Restore the register
+    ret
+
+    ;; Puts() function - puts a string to the console.  Takes EAX as
+    ;; its only argument - the pointer to the beginning of the string.
+    
+puts:
+    push    edx
+    push    ecx
+    push    ebx
+    push    eax
+    call    strlen          ; Uses EAX as the pointer to the beginning of the string.
+                            ; Returns EAX as the length of the string
+
+    mov     edx, eax        ; Move the length of the string into EDX, where WRITE expects
+    pop     eax             ; Restore EAX from the stack
+
+    push    eax             ; Put the value BACK on the stack.
+    mov     ecx, eax        ; Put the pointer to the message into ECX, where WRITE expects
+    mov     ebx, STDOUT
+    mov     eax, SYS_write
+    int     80h
+    pop     eax             ; Restore registers in reverse order.
+    pop     ebx
+    pop     ecx
+    pop     edx
+    ret
+
+    ;; exit().  Straight from the original.
+    
+exit_program:
+    mov     ebx, 0
+    mov     eax, SYS_exit
+    int     80h
+    

x86/hello.s

@@ -1,31 +1,46 @@
-    ;; Hello World Program #1
+    ;; Hello World Program #2
     ;; Compile with: nasm -f elf hello.s
     ;; Link with: ld -m elf_i386 -o hello hello.o
     ;; Run with: ./hello
 
+    ;; The following includes are derived from:
     ;; sys/unistd_32.h
 %define     SYS_write	4
 %define     SYS_exit	1
 
+    ;; The following includes are derived from:
     ;; unistd.h
 %define STDOUT		1
 
-section .data
+;;; 'global' is the directive that tells the NASM the address of the
-    msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human", 0Ah
+;;; first instruction to run.
-    len     equ $-msg           ; NASM-supplied macro
     
-section .text    
 global _start
 
+section .data
+    msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human", 0Ah
+    len     equ $-msg           ; The $ is a NASM helper that means
+	                            ; "The address of the current
+	                            ; instruction.  'equ' is a NASM
+                                ; macro that performs the math and
+	                            ; places in the 'len' constant the
+	                            ; difference between the start of the
+	                            ; current instruction and the 'msg'.
+    
+section .text    
 _start:
-    mov     edx, len
+    mov     edx, len            ; Mov the address of 'len' to register EDX
-    mov     ecx, msg            ; Address of the message (not the content)
+    mov     ecx, msg            ; Mov the address of the message (not the content)
     mov     ebx, STDOUT         ; using STDOUT (see definition above)
-    mov     eax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode?
+    mov     eax, SYS_write      ; Acesss WRITE in 32-bit Linux
-    int     80h                 ; Interrupt target. The 'h' means 'hexidecimal'
+    int     80h                 ; Call the kernel to run the WRITE command.
 
-    mov     ebx, 0
+    ;; Note that it's always register AX that we use to tell the kernel
-    mov     eax, SYS_exit
+    ;; what we want it to do.  Depending on the kernel instruction, other
-    int     80h 
+    ;; registers may be used to fill out the command.
+
+    mov     ebx, 0              ; Mov '0' to be our exit code
+    mov     eax, SYS_exit       ; Access EXIT 
+    int     80h                 ; Call the kernel to run the EXIT command.
     
     

x86/includes.s

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+    ;; Hello World Program #5: Includes
+
+%include    "functions.asm"
+
+section .data
+    msg     db  "Cool, we can now do something like structured programming.", 0Ah, 00h
+
+section .text
+    global _start
+
+_start:
+    mov     eax, msg            ; Put the address of our message into eax.
+    call    puts                ; Calls strlen internally!
+    call    exit_program
+

x86/strlen.s

@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@
     ;; unistd.h
 %define STDOUT		1
 
+global _start
+
 section .data
     msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human, You're Looking Fine Today!", 0Ah, 00h
     
 section .text    
-    global _start
 
 _start:
     mov     ebx, msg            ; Move the address of the message into ebx
@@ -28,16 +29,19 @@ nextchar:
     ;; sub does.  cmp sets flags; does sub?  This is why 'jz' works,
     ;; because if they're equal the result of subtraction is zero.
     jz      counted        ; Jump if the zero flag set
-    inc     eax
+    inc     eax            ; Increment the counter
-    jmp     nextchar
+    jmp     nextchar       ; Jump to the beginning of the loop
 
 counted:
-    sub     eax, ebx            ; Subtract the end from the start, and the result goes into the start
+    sub     eax, ebx            ; Subtract the end from the start, and
+                                ; the result goes into the start
+
+    mov     edx, eax            ; syswrite needs that register for something
+                                ; else! Man, picking registers is hard.
 
-    mov     edx, eax            ; syswrite needs that register for something else! Man, picking registers is hard.
     mov     ecx, msg            ; Address of the message (not the content)
     mov     ebx, STDOUT         ; using STDOUT (see definition above)
-    mov     eax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode?
+    mov     eax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode.
     int     80h                 ; Interrupt target. The 'h' means 'hexidecimal'
 
     mov     ebx, 0

x86/subroutines.s

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ _start:
     call    exit
 
 strlen:
-                                ; will probably want its state restored correctly, right?
     mov     edx, ecx
 
 strlen_next:
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ strlen_next:
     jmp     strlen_next
 
 strlen_done:
-    sub     edx, ecx            ; Straight from the counted-hello file
+    sub     edx, ecx            ; Straight from the strlen file
     ret
 
     ;; Takes EAX as the address of the message and EDX as the

x86_64/Makefile

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ strlen: strlen.o  ## Build Lesson 2: Determine length programmatically
 subroutines: subroutines.o  ## Build Lesson 3: Separate strlen() and puts() into subroutine.
 	$(LD) -m $(LINK_64) -o $@ $<
 
+includes: includes.o  ## Build Lesson 4: Separate strlen() and puts() into their own files.
+	$(LD) -m $(LINK_64) -o $@ $<
+
 help: run-help   ## Print this helpful message (default)
 
 clean:

x86_64/functions.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+    ;; This is an includes file.  It doesn't have its own compilation
+    ;; capabilities.  There is no namespacing in assembly language;
+    ;; try not to use these names in your own code.
+
+    ;; sys/unistd_32.h
+%define     SYS_write	1
+%define     SYS_exit	60
+
+    ;; unistd.h
+%define STDOUT		1
+
+    ;; strlen() function.  Takes rdx as an argument - the pointer to
+    ;; the initial string.  Returns rdx as the result - the length of
+    ;; the string.
+    
+strlen:
+    push    rsi
+    mov     rsi, rdx
+
+strlen_next:
+    cmp     byte [rdx], 0
+    jz      strlen_done
+    inc     rdx
+    jmp     strlen_next
+
+strlen_done:
+    sub     rdx, rsi
+    pop     rsi
+    ret
+
+    ;; puts() function - puts a string to the console.  Takes RSI as
+    ;; its only argument - the pointer to the beginning of the string.
+
+puts:
+    push    rdx                 ; RDX (data) is used as the length of the message
+    push    rax                 ; RAX is the instruction to WRITE
+    push    rdi                 ; RDI (destination) is used as an instruction to WRITE
+
+    mov     rdx, rsi
+    call    strlen
+
+    ;; Because I chose to use RDX as the target for strlen, I don't need to
+    ;; do the pop/push dance as I did in the 32-bit version.
+    
+    mov     rdi, STDOUT         ; using STDOUT (see definition above)
+    mov     rax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode?
+    syscall
+
+    ;; Likewise, because I chose RSI as the Source (pointer) to my
+    ;; message, it remains unchanged during the lifetime of this
+    ;; routine (unless there are any bugs in strlen) and I don't
+    ;; have to restore it either.
+    
+    pop     rdi
+    pop     rax
+    pop     rdx
+    ret
+
+    ;; exit().  Straight from the original.
+    
+exit_program:
+    mov     rdi, 0
+    mov     rax, SYS_exit
+    syscall

x86_64/hello.s

@@ -1,30 +1,45 @@
-    ;; Hello World Program #1
+    ;; Hello World Program #2
     ;; Compile with: nasm -f elf64 hello.s
-    ;; Link with: ld -o hello hello.o
+    ;; Link with: ld -m elf_x86_64 -o hello hello.o
     ;; Run with: ./hello
 
+    ;; The following includes are derived from:
     ;; sys/unistd_64.h
 %define     SYS_write	1
 %define     SYS_exit	60
 
+    ;; The following includes are derived from:
     ;; unistd.h
 %define STDOUT		1
 
-section .data
+;;; 'global' is the directive that tells the NASM the address of the
-    msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human", 0Ah
+;;; first instruction to run.
-    len     equ $-msg           ; NASM-supplied macro
     
-section .text    
 global _start
 
+section .data
+    msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human", 0Ah
+    len     equ $-msg           ; The $ is a NASM helper that means
+	                            ; "The address of the current
+	                            ; instruction.  'equ' is a NASM
+                                ; macro that performs the math and
+	                            ; places in the 'len' constant the
+	                            ; difference between the start of the
+	                            ; current instruction and the 'msg'.
+
+section .text    
 _start:
-    mov     rdx, len            ; Length of the message
+    mov     rdx, len            ; Mov the address of 'len' to register RDX
-    mov     rsi, msg            ; Address of the message
+    mov     rsi, msg            ; Mov the address of the message to RSI (Source Index)
     mov     rdi, STDOUT         ; using STDOUT (see definition above)
-    mov     rax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode?
+    mov     rax, SYS_write      ; Access WRITE in 64-bit linux
-    syscall
+    syscall                     ; Call the kernel to run the WRITE command.
 
-    mov     rdi, 0
+    ;; Note that it's always register AX that we use to tell the kernel
-    mov     rax, SYS_exit
+    ;; what we want it to do.  Depending on the kernel instruction, other
-    syscall
+    ;; registers may be used to fill out the command.
+
+    mov     rdi, 0              ; Mov '0' to be our exit code
+    mov     rax, SYS_exit       ; Access the exit command
+    syscall                     ; Call the kernel to run the EXIT command.
     

x86_64/includes.s

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+    ;; Hello World Program #5: Includes
+
+%include    "functions.asm"
+
+section .data
+    msg     db  "Cool, we can now do something like structured programming - 64 bit version.", 0Ah, 00h
+
+section .text
+    global _start
+
+_start:
+    mov     rsi, msg            ; Put the address of our message into eax.
+    call    puts                ; Calls strlen internally!
+    call    exit_program

x86_64/strlen.s

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-    ;; Hello World Program #1
+    ;; Hello World Program #3
-    ;; Compile with: nasm -f elf64 hello.s
+    ;; Compile with: nasm -f elf64 strlen.s
-    ;; Link with: ld -o hello hello.o
+    ;; Link with: ld -o strlen strlen.o
-    ;; Run with: ./hello
+    ;; Run with: ./strlen
 
     ;; sys/unistd_64.h
 %define     SYS_write	1
@@ -10,19 +10,20 @@
     ;; unistd.h
 %define STDOUT		1
 
+global _start
+
 section .data
     msg     db  "Hello You Beautiful Human, You're Looking Mighty Fine!", 0Ah, 00h
 
-section .text    
-    global _start
 
+section .text    
 _start:
     mov     rsi, msg            ; Move the address of the message into rsi
     mov     rax, rsi            ; Move the address of the message into rax
                                 ; (Register-to-register copying is faster that a constant!) 
 
 nextchar:
-    cmp     byte [rax], 0       ; Compare the byte pointed to by eax with zero
+    cmp     byte [rax], 0       ; Compare the byte pointed to by rax with zero
     
 
     ;; Small detail: cmp and sub use the same internal architecture,
@@ -30,16 +31,16 @@ nextchar:
     ;; sub does.  cmp sets flags; does sub?  This is why 'jz' works,
     ;; because if they're equal the result of subtraction is zero.
     jz      counted             ; Jump if the zero flag set
-    inc     rax
+    inc     rax                 ; Increment rax by 1
-    jmp nextchar
+    jmp     nextchar            ; Jump to the beginning of the loop
 
 counted:    
     sub     rax, rsi            ; Substract source from endpointer, leaving counter
     mov     rdx, rax            ; Length of the message
     mov     rsi, msg            ; Address of the message
     mov     rdi, STDOUT         ; using STDOUT (see definition above)
-    mov     rax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 32-bit mode?
+    mov     rax, SYS_write      ; Using WRITE in 64-bin mode.
-    syscall
+    syscall                     ; Call the kernel
 
     mov     rdi, 0
     mov     rax, SYS_exit