Innteresting. It seems that the `output` collection is much more
reliable as a source of truth about which monitors and screens are actually in use. Each one comes with its own collection of `crtc`, but you can just skip the ones that return `null`, giving you a reliable list of the "active and visible" screens that the user is currently looking at. Excellent! This means that I'm one step closer to having a viable solution! I also discovered the [xcb_util](https://xcb.freedesktop.org/XcbUtil/) library of helpful utilities has a function called `xcb_aux_get_screen` for getting the root screen because everyone was weirded out by that list traversal algorithm. The source code to [xedgewarp](https://github.com/Airblader/xedgewarp) was invaluable in revealing these secrets to me. So far this little toy compiles down to only 35KB, and that includes using `std::cout` and `std::vector`! I wonder how big the Rust version will be. Yeah, yeah, I know, it cheats by having lots of itself hidden in the kernel. Next up: Actually knowing what the rotation status is.
This commit is contained in:
parent
8a700005c3
commit
2cd9b268a8
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@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
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---
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Language: Cpp
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# BasedOnStyle: LLVM
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||||
AccessModifierOffset: -2
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||||
AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
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||||
AlignArrayOfStructures: None
|
||||
AlignConsecutiveMacros: None
|
||||
AlignConsecutiveAssignments: None
|
||||
AlignConsecutiveBitFields: None
|
||||
AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: None
|
||||
AlignEscapedNewlines: Right
|
||||
AlignOperands: Align
|
||||
AlignTrailingComments: true
|
||||
AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: true
|
||||
AllowAllConstructorInitializersOnNextLine: true
|
||||
AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: true
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||||
AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: true
|
||||
AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Never
|
||||
AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
|
||||
AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All
|
||||
AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All
|
||||
AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never
|
||||
AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false
|
||||
AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
|
||||
AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
|
||||
AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false
|
||||
AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: MultiLine
|
||||
AttributeMacros:
|
||||
- __capability
|
||||
BinPackArguments: true
|
||||
BinPackParameters: true
|
||||
BraceWrapping:
|
||||
AfterCaseLabel: false
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AfterClass: false
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||||
AfterControlStatement: Never
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||||
AfterEnum: false
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||||
AfterFunction: false
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AfterNamespace: false
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||||
AfterObjCDeclaration: false
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AfterStruct: false
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||||
AfterUnion: false
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AfterExternBlock: false
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||||
BeforeCatch: false
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||||
BeforeElse: false
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||||
BeforeLambdaBody: false
|
||||
BeforeWhile: false
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||||
IndentBraces: false
|
||||
SplitEmptyFunction: true
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||||
SplitEmptyRecord: true
|
||||
SplitEmptyNamespace: true
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||||
BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None
|
||||
BreakBeforeConceptDeclarations: true
|
||||
BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
|
||||
BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: false
|
||||
BreakInheritanceList: BeforeColon
|
||||
BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
|
||||
BreakConstructorInitializersBeforeComma: false
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||||
BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeColon
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||||
BreakAfterJavaFieldAnnotations: false
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||||
BreakStringLiterals: true
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||||
ColumnLimit: 100
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||||
CommentPragmas: '^ IWYU pragma:'
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||||
CompactNamespaces: false
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||||
ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: false
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ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 4
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||||
ContinuationIndentWidth: 4
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||||
Cpp11BracedListStyle: true
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||||
DeriveLineEnding: true
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||||
DerivePointerAlignment: false
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||||
DisableFormat: false
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||||
EmptyLineAfterAccessModifier: Never
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||||
EmptyLineBeforeAccessModifier: LogicalBlock
|
||||
ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false
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||||
FixNamespaceComments: true
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||||
ForEachMacros:
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||||
- foreach
|
||||
- Q_FOREACH
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||||
- BOOST_FOREACH
|
||||
IfMacros:
|
||||
- KJ_IF_MAYBE
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||||
IncludeBlocks: Preserve
|
||||
IncludeCategories:
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||||
- Regex: '^"(llvm|llvm-c|clang|clang-c)/'
|
||||
Priority: 2
|
||||
SortPriority: 0
|
||||
CaseSensitive: false
|
||||
- Regex: '^(<|"(gtest|gmock|isl|json)/)'
|
||||
Priority: 3
|
||||
SortPriority: 0
|
||||
CaseSensitive: false
|
||||
- Regex: '.*'
|
||||
Priority: 1
|
||||
SortPriority: 0
|
||||
CaseSensitive: false
|
||||
IncludeIsMainRegex: '(Test)?$'
|
||||
IncludeIsMainSourceRegex: ''
|
||||
IndentAccessModifiers: false
|
||||
IndentCaseLabels: false
|
||||
IndentCaseBlocks: false
|
||||
IndentGotoLabels: true
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||||
IndentPPDirectives: None
|
||||
IndentExternBlock: AfterExternBlock
|
||||
IndentRequires: false
|
||||
IndentWidth: 4
|
||||
IndentWrappedFunctionNames: false
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InsertTrailingCommas: None
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||||
JavaScriptQuotes: Leave
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||||
JavaScriptWrapImports: true
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||||
KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: true
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||||
LambdaBodyIndentation: Signature
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||||
MacroBlockBegin: ''
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||||
MacroBlockEnd: ''
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MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1
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||||
NamespaceIndentation: None
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ObjCBinPackProtocolList: Auto
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||||
ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 2
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ObjCBreakBeforeNestedBlockParam: true
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||||
ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: false
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ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: true
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PenaltyBreakAssignment: 2
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||||
PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 19
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PenaltyBreakComment: 300
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PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess: 120
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PenaltyBreakString: 1000
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PenaltyBreakTemplateDeclaration: 10
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PenaltyExcessCharacter: 1000000
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PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 60
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PenaltyIndentedWhitespace: 0
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PointerAlignment: Left
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PPIndentWidth: -1
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ReferenceAlignment: Pointer
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ReflowComments: true
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ShortNamespaceLines: 1
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SortIncludes: CaseSensitive
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SortJavaStaticImport: Before
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SortUsingDeclarations: true
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SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false
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SpaceAfterLogicalNot: false
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SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true
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SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true
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SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false
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SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList: false
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SpaceBeforeCtorInitializerColon: true
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SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true
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SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
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SpaceAroundPointerQualifiers: Default
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SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: true
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||||
SpaceInEmptyBlock: false
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SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false
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SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1
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SpacesInAngles: Never
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||||
SpacesInConditionalStatement: false
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||||
SpacesInContainerLiterals: true
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||||
SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false
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SpacesInLineCommentPrefix:
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Minimum: 1
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Maximum: -1
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SpacesInParentheses: false
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SpacesInSquareBrackets: false
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SpaceBeforeSquareBrackets: false
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BitFieldColonSpacing: Both
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||||
Standard: Latest
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StatementAttributeLikeMacros:
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- Q_EMIT
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StatementMacros:
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||||
- Q_UNUSED
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||||
- QT_REQUIRE_VERSION
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TabWidth: 8
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UseCRLF: false
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||||
UseTab: Never
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||||
WhitespaceSensitiveMacros:
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||||
- STRINGIZE
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- PP_STRINGIZE
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- BOOST_PP_STRINGIZE
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- NS_SWIFT_NAME
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- CF_SWIFT_NAME
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...
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3
Makefile
3
Makefile
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@ -12,3 +12,6 @@ build/xrandr: build/Makefile src/xrandr.cpp CMakeLists.txt
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clean:
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rm -fr build
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run: build/xrandr
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./build/xrandr
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@ -19,7 +19,10 @@ obviously X Windows.
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In progress.
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**DETAILS:**
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DETAILS:
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**Notes:**
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**BUILDING:**
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|
|
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@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
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Resources used in the production of this program:
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- [The XCB Reference from FreeDesktop](https://xcb.freedesktop.org/manual/index.html)
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- [The Xorg Basic Programming with the XCB
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Library](https://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.6/doc/libxcb/tutorial/index.html),
|
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- [The KDE Source Code for
|
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XCBWrapper](https://github.com/KDE/libkscreen/tree/master/backends),
|
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- [xedgewarp](https://github.com/Airblader/xedgewarp)
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[Vlad Zahorodnii](https://github.com/zzag) et. al., ongoing.
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- [C++ in a
|
||||
Nutshell](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/c-in-a/059600298X/)
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Ray Lischner, O'Reilly Publishing, 2003
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The sheer variety of sources I needed to cobble together an
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understanding how the XCB library works is an example of what teachers
|
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call [extrinsic
|
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load](https://betterhumans.pub/skyrocket-your-learning-top-3-studying-techniques-based-on-cognitive-load-theory-1641b5e56508),
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an unnecessary extra load on learning because the documentation is
|
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poorly organized and lacks instruction. *Basic Programming with XCB*
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is a
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*[tutorial](https://www.writethedocs.org/videos/eu/2017/the-four-kinds-of-documentation-and-why-you-need-to-understand-what-they-are-daniele-procida/)*
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oriented toward commonplace tasks, but peters out before getting to an
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XCB extensions such as RandR. The reference is a *reference*; it
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doesn't help you understand how to use the library. `XCBWrapper` is
|
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an excellent example of how to use XCB, but it uses some fairly
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high-level C++ to accomplish all that it does, and untangling the
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relationship between the wrapper template, the macro that does wrapper
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declarations, and the XCB Reference; once you find the insight that
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XCB's declarations are all derived from a massive XML file, you can
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start to understand that XCBWrapper exploits the patterns produced by
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the derivative file, but it requires insight and effort that's
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unrelated to understanding XCB in the first place.
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This project does show the usual trajectory of one of my learning
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exercises, especially since I'm fond of delving in places where no man
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has documented before. I've dumped a ton of stuff into my brain and
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now it's all starting to make sense. I also note that I'm doing
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_better_ than a lot of the open-source examples, in that I'm batching
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many of my requests before processing them. I'm not batching storing
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the replies yet, but I don't see why that couldn't happen.
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
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- A Display has Screens
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- A Screen has Monitors & Windows
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- The root Screen is accessed by traversing to the head of the list of
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screens using an interator.
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- The root screen's root window is used as the parameter for
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'get_screen_resources'.
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- The screen_resources object is contains 'screen_resources_crtcs',
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which you again get via an iterator. These are cookies.
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156
src/xrandr.cpp
156
src/xrandr.cpp
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@ -1,14 +1,154 @@
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#include "xcb/randr.h"
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#include "xcb/xcb.h"
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#include "xcb/xcb_aux.h"
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#include <iostream>
|
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#include <xcb/xcb.h>
|
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#include <memory>
|
||||
#include <vector>
|
||||
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_reply_t* get_screen_resources(xcb_connection_t* connection,
|
||||
xcb_window_t rootWindow) {
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return xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_reply(
|
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connection, xcb_randr_get_screen_resources(connection, rootWindow), nullptr);
|
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}
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std::vector<xcb_randr_crtc_t> get_crtc_cookies(xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_reply_t* resources) {
|
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std::vector<xcb_randr_crtc_t> reply;
|
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xcb_randr_crtc_t* crtcs = xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_crtcs(resources);
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const int crtcsCount = xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_crtcs_length(resources);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < crtcsCount; ++i) {
|
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reply.push_back(crtcs[i]);
|
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}
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||||
return reply;
|
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}
|
||||
|
||||
void display_one_crtc(xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply_t* crtc) {
|
||||
std::cout << "(x: " << crtc->x << ", y: " << crtc->y << ") (width: " << crtc->width
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||||
<< ", height: " << crtc->height << ") status:" << unsigned(crtc->status) << std::endl;
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||||
}
|
||||
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||||
void display_crtc_info(xcb_connection_t* connection, std::vector<xcb_randr_crtc_t>& crtc_cs) {
|
||||
std::vector<xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_cookie_t> cookies;
|
||||
xcb_generic_error_t* error = nullptr;
|
||||
for (const auto& crtc : crtc_cs) {
|
||||
cookies.push_back(xcb_randr_get_crtc_info(connection, crtc, XCB_CURRENT_TIME));
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (const auto& cookie : cookies) {
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply_t* reply =
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply(connection, cookie, &error);
|
||||
if (error) {
|
||||
free(error);
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
display_one_crtc(reply);
|
||||
free(reply);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void display_one_output(xcb_connection_t* connection, xcb_randr_get_output_info_reply_t* output,
|
||||
xcb_timestamp_t timestamp) {
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply_t* crtc = xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply(
|
||||
connection, xcb_randr_get_crtc_info(connection, output->crtc, timestamp), NULL);
|
||||
if (!crtc) {
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
display_one_crtc(crtc);
|
||||
free(crtc);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void display_outputs(xcb_connection_t* connection,
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_reply_t* resources, xcb_timestamp_t timestamp) {
|
||||
std::vector<xcb_randr_get_output_info_cookie_t> cookies;
|
||||
xcb_generic_error_t* error = nullptr;
|
||||
|
||||
int len = xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_outputs_length(resources);
|
||||
xcb_randr_output_t* randr_outputs = xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_outputs(resources);
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
|
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cookies.push_back(xcb_randr_get_output_info(connection, randr_outputs[i], timestamp));
|
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}
|
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|
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for (const auto& cookie : cookies) {
|
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xcb_randr_get_output_info_reply_t* reply =
|
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xcb_randr_get_output_info_reply(connection, cookie, &error);
|
||||
if (error) {
|
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free(error);
|
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continue;
|
||||
} else {
|
||||
display_one_output(connection, reply, timestamp);
|
||||
free(reply);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Lesson of the day: All _reply_t* objects must be freed.
|
||||
//
|
||||
// xcb_randr_rotation_t)
|
||||
// }
|
||||
// get_rotation(xcb_connection_t* connection, xcb_randr_crtc_t crtc) {
|
||||
// xcb_generic_error_t* error = nullptr;
|
||||
// xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_cookie_t cookie =
|
||||
// xcb_randr_get_crtc_info(connection, crtc, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
|
||||
// xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply_t* reply =
|
||||
// xcb_randr_get_crtc_info_reply(connection, cookie, &error);
|
||||
// xcb_randr_rotation_t rotation =
|
||||
// (xcb_randr_rotation_t)reply->rotation; free(reply); return rotation;
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||||
// }
|
||||
//
|
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|
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xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t* getVersion(xcb_connection_t* connection) {
|
||||
xcb_generic_error_t* error = nullptr;
|
||||
xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t* version = xcb_randr_query_version_reply(
|
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connection,
|
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xcb_randr_query_version(connection, XCB_RANDR_MAJOR_VERSION, XCB_RANDR_MINOR_VERSION),
|
||||
&error);
|
||||
if (error) {
|
||||
std::cout << "Error code:" << error->error_code << std::endl;
|
||||
free(error);
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
if (!version) {
|
||||
return NULL;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
return version;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void display_screen_info(int screen_id, xcb_screen_t* screen) {
|
||||
std::cout << "Screen " << screen_id << " (" << screen->width_in_pixels << ", "
|
||||
<< screen->height_in_pixels << ")" << std::endl;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
void display_randr_version(xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t* version) {
|
||||
if (!version) {
|
||||
std::cout << "Something went wrong retrieving the version number" << std::endl;
|
||||
exit(0);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
std::cout << "Server reports RandR version (" << version->major_version << "."
|
||||
<< version->minor_version << ")" << std::endl;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// This gives us a connection and a screen object.
|
||||
|
||||
int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
|
||||
xcb_connection_t *xConnection = xcb_connect(nullptr, nullptr);
|
||||
for (auto iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(xcb_get_setup(xConnection));
|
||||
iter.rem; xcb_screen_next(&iter)) {
|
||||
xcb_screen_t *screen = iter.data;
|
||||
std::cout << "Screen " << iter.index << " (" << screen->width_in_pixels
|
||||
<< ", " << screen->height_in_pixels << ")" << std::endl;
|
||||
}
|
||||
int default_screen_id;
|
||||
xcb_connection_t* xConnection = xcb_connect(nullptr, &default_screen_id);
|
||||
|
||||
auto screen = xcb_aux_get_screen(xConnection, default_screen_id);
|
||||
display_screen_info(default_screen_id, screen);
|
||||
|
||||
xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t* version = getVersion(xConnection);
|
||||
display_randr_version(version);
|
||||
|
||||
xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_reply_t* screen_resources =
|
||||
get_screen_resources(xConnection, screen->root);
|
||||
|
||||
xcb_timestamp_t timestamp = screen_resources->config_timestamp;
|
||||
|
||||
display_outputs(xConnection, screen_resources, timestamp);
|
||||
|
||||
free(screen_resources);
|
||||
xcb_disconnect(xConnection);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/time.h>
|
||||
#include <xcb/xcb.h>
|
||||
|
||||
double get_time(void) {
|
||||
struct timeval timev;
|
||||
gettimeofday(&timev, NULL);
|
||||
return (double)timev.tv_sec + (((double)timev.tv_usec) / 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
int count = 500;
|
||||
xcb_atom_t* atoms = (xcb_atom_t*)malloc(count * sizeof(atoms));
|
||||
xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t* cookies =
|
||||
(xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t*)malloc(count * sizeof(xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t));
|
||||
char** names;
|
||||
double end, diff_x;
|
||||
|
||||
/* init names */
|
||||
names = (char**)malloc(count * sizeof(char*));
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
|
||||
char buf[100];
|
||||
sprintf(buf, "NAME%d", i);
|
||||
names[i] = strdup(buf);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
auto start = get_time();
|
||||
xcb_connection_t* connection = xcb_connect(NULL, NULL);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
|
||||
cookies[i] = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, strlen(names[i]), names[i]);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
|
||||
xcb_intern_atom_reply_t* r = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookies[i], 0);
|
||||
if (r) {
|
||||
atoms[i] = r->atom;
|
||||
free(r);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
xcb_disconnect(connection);
|
||||
end = get_time();
|
||||
|
||||
diff_x = end - start;
|
||||
printf("XCB (good) use time : %f\n", diff_x);
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
|
||||
free(names[i]);
|
||||
free(names);
|
||||
free(atoms);
|
||||
free(cookies);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
|||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/time.h>
|
||||
#include <xcb/xcb.h>
|
||||
|
||||
double get_time(void) {
|
||||
struct timeval timev;
|
||||
gettimeofday(&timev, NULL);
|
||||
return (double)timev.tv_sec + (((double)timev.tv_usec) / 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
int count = 500;
|
||||
xcb_atom_t* atoms = (xcb_atom_t*)malloc(count * sizeof(atoms));
|
||||
char** names;
|
||||
double end, diff_x;
|
||||
|
||||
/* init names */
|
||||
names = (char**)malloc(count * sizeof(char*));
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
|
||||
char buf[100];
|
||||
sprintf(buf, "NAME%d", i);
|
||||
names[i] = strdup(buf);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
auto start = get_time();
|
||||
xcb_connection_t* connection = xcb_connect(NULL, NULL);
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
|
||||
atoms[i] = xcb_intern_atom_reply(
|
||||
connection, xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, strlen(names[i]), names[i]), NULL)
|
||||
->atom;
|
||||
}
|
||||
xcb_disconnect(connection);
|
||||
end = get_time();
|
||||
|
||||
diff_x = end - start;
|
||||
printf("XCB (poor) use time : %f\n", diff_x);
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
|
||||
free(names[i]);
|
||||
free(names);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
|||
#include <X11/Xlib.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <string.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/time.h>
|
||||
|
||||
double get_time(void) {
|
||||
struct timeval timev;
|
||||
gettimeofday(&timev, NULL);
|
||||
return (double)timev.tv_sec + (((double)timev.tv_usec) / 1000000);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
int main() {
|
||||
int count = 500;
|
||||
Atom* atoms_x = (Atom*)malloc(count * sizeof(atoms_x));
|
||||
char** names;
|
||||
double end, diff_x;
|
||||
|
||||
/* init names */
|
||||
names = (char**)malloc(count * sizeof(char*));
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
|
||||
char buf[100];
|
||||
sprintf(buf, "NAME%d", i);
|
||||
names[i] = strdup(buf);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
auto start = get_time();
|
||||
auto disp = XOpenDisplay(getenv("DISPLAY"));
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
|
||||
atoms_x[i] = XInternAtom(disp, names[i], 0);
|
||||
end = get_time();
|
||||
XCloseDisplay(disp);
|
||||
|
||||
diff_x = end - start;
|
||||
printf("Xlib use time : %f\n", diff_x);
|
||||
|
||||
free(atoms_x);
|
||||
|
||||
for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i)
|
||||
free(names[i]);
|
||||
free(names);
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue