From 727ad252ccbe92938e750eac0b37449460a4f80e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Elf M. Sternberg" <elf.sternberg@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 07:51:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Implemented the forms reader, config, and database
 migrations.

This chapter introduces the Actix "Extractors" for retrieving form data. I've
added tests to the `./tests` folder to attempt to interact with those
extractors; as of this commit, a89cbe5b, they fail because the example code
isn't there.

What is there is a variant of the "Hello, World!" code from the previous
exercises (section 3.5), which uses the Actix extractor:

``` rust
// Actix, *not* Axum. Does not work with the current framework.
fn index(form: web::Form<FormData>) -> String {
    format!('Welcome {}!', form.username)
}
```

Translated and polished into Axum, it translates to:

``` rust
pub async fn index(payload: Option<Form<FormData>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
    let username = payload.map_or("World".to_string(), move |index| -> String {
        String::from(&(index.username))
    });
    (StatusCode::OK, format!("Hello, {}!\n", &username))
}
```

The Axum version is a little smarter, providing a default "World!" if you don't
specify a name.  That's what `.map_or` does, although the `or` part actually
comes first in the function.  So the result is:

``` sh
$ curl http://localhost:3000/
Hello, World!
$ curl 'http://localhost:3000/?username=Spock'
Hello, Spock!
```

Which is more or less the version we want.

**Section 3.7.3** then goes into some detail on the implementation of a Trait.
A Trait in Rust is like an Interface in other languages; it describes a
collection of functions for manipulating the values found in a defined Type.

**Types**: A Type is just a description of the value: `u16` is a sixteen-bit
unsigned integer; `char` is a Unicode character, and it's size is always 32bits,
but a `String` is a bunch of things: it's an array of characters (which are not
always `char`!), a length for that string and a capacity. If the String is
manipulated to exceed the capacity, the array is re-allocated to a new capacity
and the old array copied into it. A `Vec<String>` is an array of Strings; as a
Type, it is considered to have a single value: whatever is in it at the moment
you use it.

**Trait**: A Trait defines a collection of one or more functions that can
operate on a value.

The truly nifty thing about Traits is that they can be implemented after the
fact. By importing a Trait and an implementation of that trait specific to a
type into a module containing that type, you can extend the behavior of a type
in a deterministic way without having to modify or inherit the code, as you
would in an object-oriented language.

Axum has a valuable trait, `FromRequest`. For any structure you can imagine
passing from the client to the server, you can implement `FromRequest` for that
object and any content in the body of the message will be transformed into that
structure.

We've seen a trait before: `IntoResponse`, written as `impl IntoResponse`, and
is the output (the return type) of many of the functions that produce return
values for our application server. In this case the return type instructs Rust
to look in the current lexical scope and, for the value returned by that
function, determine if an `IntoResponse` trait has been defined for it. If it
has, the value will be returned because Axum has now been assured that there
exists a function to convert that value into something streamable and usable as
an HTTP response.

Fortunately for us, Axum has already implemented `FromRequest` for all the
native data types, as well as some structures and arrays.  Even better, it has
implemented `FromRequest` for the Serde serialization/deserialization library.

So in this example:

``` rust
pub struct FormData {
   username: String,
}

pub async fn index(payload: Option<Form<FormData>>) -> impl IntoResponse { ...
```

A `Form` (something using the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` protocol) of
`FormData` will automatically be converted into a `payload` object of `{
username: "Spock" )`, and in this case wrapped in a `Some()` handler. (Or
`None`, if there was no form included.) <aside>So far, there's not too much
bloat in this product; with all the debugging symbols, it's 60MB or so, but
stripped to the bone it's only 3.1MB, tolerable for modern deployments.</aside>

First, though, we must adjust our `valid_subscription` test:

``` rust
    let body = "name=le%20guin&email=ursula_le_guin%40gmail.com";
    let response = hyper::Client::new()
        .request(
            Request::builder()
                .method("POST")
                .header("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
                .uri(format!("http://{}/subscriptions", addr))
                .body(Body::from(body))
                .unwrap(),
        )
        .await
        .expect("Failed to execute request.");
```

Two updates from the book: first, we're sending it via POST instead of GET. This
is the correct way to do things; a GET should never (and I mean *never*) cause a
change of state on the back-end. To send something new that the server will
process and store, you use a POST. (To update something, or to send something to
a known *and unique* URI, PUT is better.) Secondly, since we're using a generic
form-data object, we need to set the content-type on the client so that the
server is informed of how to unpack this payload. The '%20' and '%40' markers in
the `body` are the space and the `@` respectively.

I completely ignored the advice in the book and went instead with
[Dbmate](https://github.com/amacneil/dbmate); Dbmate is a bit cranky; your SQL
must be very much nestled against the 'up' and 'down' markers in the migration
file, and it seems to be quite opinionated about everything being lowercase.
That said, it was trivial to create a database with it:

``` sh
$ dbmate new create_subscriptions_table
```

This will create the folder
`db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql`,
(The timestamp will be different, obviously), and in this file you put the
following, as specified in the book:

``` sql
-- migrate:up
create table subscriptions (
   id uuid not null,
   primary key (id),
   email text not null unique,
   name text not null,
   subscribed_at timestamptz not null
);

-- migrate:down
drop table subscriptions;
```

To use Dbmate, you have to specify how to connect.  I'm using Postgres, so let's
start with creating a database and a user for it:

``` sh
$ sudo -u postgres psql
[sudo] possword for user: ...................
postgres=# create database newsletter;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# create user newletter with encrypted password 'redacted';
CREATE USER
postgres=# grant all privileges on database newsletter to newsletter;
GRANT
postgres=# exit
```

In your project root, create a `.env` file to specify your connection:

``` sh
DATABASE_URL="postgres://newsletter:redacted@127.0.0.1:5432/newsletter?sslmode=disable"
```

The `sslmode` flag there is necessary for localhost connections, as Dbmate
assumes an encrypted connection by default, but we're isolating to a local
connection that is, usually, safe.

With the new entry in your `.env` file, you can now run a migration:

``` sh
$ dbmate up
Writing: ./db/schema.sql
```

Running `dbmate up` will automatically create the database for you if it hasn't
already; `dbmate migrate` also performs migrations, but it will not create the
database.

Now you can re-connect to Postgres as the newsletter user and see what you've
got:

``` sh
$ psql --user newsletter -h localhost --password
Password:
psql (14.7 (Ubuntu 14.7-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), server 11.7 (Ubuntu 11.7-0ubuntu0.19.10.1))
newsletter=> \d
                List of relations
 Schema |       Name        | Type  |   Owner
--------+-------------------+-------+------------
 public | schema_migrations | table | newsletter
 public | subscriptions     | table | newsletter
(2 rows)

newsletter=> \d subscriptions
                       Table "public.subscriptions"
    Column     |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default
---------------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id            | uuid                     |           | not null |
 email         | text                     |           | not null |
 name          | text                     |           | not null |
 subscribed_at | timestamp with time zone |           | not null |
Indexes:
    "subscriptions_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
    "subscriptions_email_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email)
```

Note that Dbmate has allocated a table to itself, `schema_migrations`, for
tracking what it's done to your system and when. Try not to conflict with it,
okay?

Every complex app has a configuration, and there are plenty of different ways
the configuration can be specified. Environment variables, internal defaults,
and configuration files-- the last of which comes in so many different flavors.

Rust has a well-known [config](https://docs.rs/config/latest/config/index.html)
crate that supports all the most common configurations: YAML, JSON, TOML; you
can even add your own by writing something that implements the `config::Format`
trait.  Add it to Cargo.toml:

``` sh
$ cargo add config
```

For the meantime, we're just going to create a new file, called
`configuration.rs`, and put our configuration details in there.  Right now we
have a single configuration detail: the port.

I'm going to go above and beyond Lucas here and configure some internal defaults
for my code.  It will have expectations.  First, you have to tell Serde that
there will be default values:

``` rust
use config::Config;

pub struct Settings {
    pub port: u16,
}
```

Then, you have to set those default values. Fortunately, Rust provides a "set
default values" trait named, sensibly enough, Default:

``` rust
impl Default for Settings {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Settings { port: 3001 }
    }
}
```

Again, exceeding the book's parameters, I'm going to say that if the file is
missing the default parameters should hold:

``` rust
pub(crate) fn get_configuration() -> Result<Settings, config::ConfigError> {
    Config::builder()
        .add_source(config::File::with_name("./ztd.config").required(false))
        .build()?
        .try_deserialize()
}
```

And since this is the first time I'm doing this, I'm going to write a test to
assert that my understanding of how this all works is correct:

``` rust
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_for_defaults() {
        let maybe_config = get_configuration();
        assert!(!maybe_config.is_err());
        let config = maybe_config.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(config.port, 3001);
    }
}
```
---
 .env                                          |    1 +
 Cargo.lock                                    | 1262 ++++++++++++++++-
 Cargo.toml                                    |    2 +
 ...30322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql |   10 +
 db/schema.sql                                 |   71 +
 docs/04-forms-and-serializers.md              |  303 ++++
 src/configuration.rs                          |   45 +
 src/lib.rs                                    |   19 +-
 src/user.rs                                   |   18 +-
 tests/health_check.rs                         |    8 +-
 10 files changed, 1722 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .env
 create mode 100644 db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql
 create mode 100644 db/schema.sql
 create mode 100644 docs/04-forms-and-serializers.md
 create mode 100644 src/configuration.rs

diff --git a/.env b/.env
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4e9e54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.env
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DATABASE_URL="postgres://newsletter:readthenews@127.0.0.1:5432/newsletter?sslmode=disable"
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e12caca..287c019 100644
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "foreign-types-shared"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "00b0228411908ca8685dba7fc2cdd70ec9990a6e753e89b6ac91a84c40fbaf4b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "form_urlencoded"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -108,6 +424,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "164713a5a0dcc3e7b4b1ed7d3b433cabc18025386f9339346e8daf15963cf7ac"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -116,6 +433,17 @@ version = "0.3.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "86d7a0c1aa76363dac491de0ee99faf6941128376f1cf96f07db7603b7de69dd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "futures-intrusive"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a604f7a68fbf8103337523b1fadc8ade7361ee3f112f7c680ad179651616aed5"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot 0.11.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-sink"
 version = "0.3.27"
@@ -135,11 +463,33 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3ef6b17e481503ec85211fed8f39d1970f128935ca1f814cd32ac4a6842e84ab"
 dependencies = [
  "futures-core",
+ "futures-sink",
  "futures-task",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "pin-utils",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "generic-array"
+version = "0.14.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bff49e947297f3312447abdca79f45f4738097cc82b06e72054d2223f601f1b9"
+dependencies = [
+ "typenum",
+ "version_check",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c05aeb6a22b8f62540c194aac980f2115af067bfe15a0734d7277a768d396b31"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "h2"
 version = "0.3.16"
@@ -164,6 +514,27 @@ name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashlink"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "69fe1fcf8b4278d860ad0548329f892a3631fb63f82574df68275f34cdbe0ffa"
+dependencies = [
+ "hashbrown",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "heck"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "95505c38b4572b2d910cecb0281560f54b440a19336cbbcb27bf6ce6adc6f5a8"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
@@ -174,6 +545,36 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hermit-abi"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fed44880c466736ef9a5c5b5facefb5ed0785676d0c02d612db14e54f0d84286"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hex"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7f24254aa9a54b5c858eaee2f5bccdb46aaf0e486a595ed5fd8f86ba55232a70"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hkdf"
+version = "0.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "791a029f6b9fc27657f6f188ec6e5e43f6911f6f878e0dc5501396e09809d437"
+dependencies = [
+ "hmac",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hmac"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c49c37c09c17a53d937dfbb742eb3a961d65a994e6bcdcf37e7399d0cc8ab5e"
+dependencies = [
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
 version = "0.2.9"
@@ -232,6 +633,40 @@ dependencies = [
  "want",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "iana-time-zone"
+version = "0.1.54"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c17cc76786e99f8d2f055c11159e7f0091c42474dcc3189fbab96072e873e6d"
+dependencies = [
+ "android_system_properties",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "iana-time-zone-haiku",
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "windows",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "iana-time-zone-haiku"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0703ae284fc167426161c2e3f1da3ea71d94b21bedbcc9494e92b28e334e3dca"
+dependencies = [
+ "cxx",
+ "cxx-build",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "idna"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e14ddfc70884202db2244c223200c204c2bda1bc6e0998d11b5e024d657209e6"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-bidi",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "1.9.2"
@@ -242,12 +677,61 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "instant"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a5bbe824c507c5da5956355e86a746d82e0e1464f65d862cc5e71da70e94b2c"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "io-lifetimes"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "09270fd4fa1111bc614ed2246c7ef56239a3063d5be0d1ec3b589c505d400aeb"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi 0.3.1",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.45.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "453ad9f582a441959e5f0d088b02ce04cfe8d51a8eaf077f12ac6d3e94164ca6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "js-sys"
+version = "0.3.61"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "445dde2150c55e483f3d8416706b97ec8e8237c307e5b7b4b8dd15e6af2a0730"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "json5"
+version = "0.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "96b0db21af676c1ce64250b5f40f3ce2cf27e4e47cb91ed91eb6fe9350b430c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+ "pest_derive",
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -260,6 +744,27 @@ version = "0.2.140"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "99227334921fae1a979cf0bfdfcc6b3e5ce376ef57e16fb6fb3ea2ed6095f80c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "link-cplusplus"
+version = "1.0.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ecd207c9c713c34f95a097a5b029ac2ce6010530c7b49d7fea24d977dede04f5"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linked-hash-map"
+version = "0.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.1.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f051f77a7c8e6957c0696eac88f26b0117e54f52d3fc682ab19397a8812846a4"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.9"
@@ -285,6 +790,15 @@ version = "0.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b87248edafb776e59e6ee64a79086f65890d3510f2c656c000bf2a7e8a0aea40"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "md-5"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6365506850d44bff6e2fbcb5176cf63650e48bd45ef2fe2665ae1570e0f4b9ca"
+dependencies = [
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
 version = "2.5.0"
@@ -297,6 +811,12 @@ version = "0.3.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6877bb514081ee2a7ff5ef9de3281f14a4dd4bceac4c09388074a6b5df8a139a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "minimal-lexical"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mio"
 version = "0.8.6"
@@ -306,7 +826,35 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "wasi",
- "windows-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.45.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "native-tls"
+version = "0.2.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "07226173c32f2926027b63cce4bcd8076c3552846cbe7925f3aaffeac0a3b92e"
+dependencies = [
+ "lazy_static",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "openssl",
+ "openssl-probe",
+ "openssl-sys",
+ "schannel",
+ "security-framework",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+ "tempfile",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "nom"
+version = "7.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "minimal-lexical",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -319,13 +867,32 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num-integer"
+version = "0.1.45"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "225d3389fb3509a24c93f5c29eb6bde2586b98d9f016636dff58d7c6f7569cd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "578ede34cf02f8924ab9447f50c28075b4d3e5b269972345e7e0372b38c6cdcd"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num_cpus"
 version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0fac9e2da13b5eb447a6ce3d392f23a29d8694bff781bf03a16cd9ac8697593b"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
+ "hermit-abi 0.2.6",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -335,12 +902,78 @@ version = "1.17.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b7e5500299e16ebb147ae15a00a942af264cf3688f47923b8fc2cd5858f23ad3"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl"
+version = "0.10.47"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8b277f87dacc05a6b709965d1cbafac4649d6ce9f3ce9ceb88508b5666dfec9"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "foreign-types",
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "openssl-macros",
+ "openssl-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-macros"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b501e44f11665960c7e7fcf062c7d96a14ade4aa98116c004b2e37b5be7d736c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-probe"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "openssl-sys"
+version = "0.9.82"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a95792af3c4e0153c3914df2261bedd30a98476f94dc892b67dfe1d89d433a04"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "vcpkg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ordered-multimap"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ccd746e37177e1711c20dd619a1620f34f5c8b569c53590a72dedd5344d8924a"
+dependencies = [
+ "dlv-list",
+ "hashbrown",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "overload"
 version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b15813163c1d831bf4a13c3610c05c0d03b39feb07f7e09fa234dac9b15aaf39"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot"
+version = "0.11.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d17b78036a60663b797adeaee46f5c9dfebb86948d1255007a1d6be0271ff99"
+dependencies = [
+ "instant",
+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot_core 0.8.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -348,7 +981,21 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3742b2c103b9f06bc9fff0a37ff4912935851bee6d36f3c02bcc755bcfec228f"
 dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
- "parking_lot_core",
+ "parking_lot_core 0.9.7",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "parking_lot_core"
+version = "0.8.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "60a2cfe6f0ad2bfc16aefa463b497d5c7a5ecd44a23efa72aa342d90177356dc"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "instant",
+ "libc",
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "smallvec",
+ "winapi",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -361,15 +1008,71 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "redox_syscall",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.45.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9f746c4065a8fa3fe23974dd82f15431cc8d40779821001404d10d2e79ca7d79"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pathdiff"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8835116a5c179084a830efb3adc117ab007512b535bc1a21c991d3b32a6b44dd"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "percent-encoding"
 version = "2.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "478c572c3d73181ff3c2539045f6eb99e5491218eae919370993b890cdbdd98e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pest"
+version = "2.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8cbd939b234e95d72bc393d51788aec68aeeb5d51e748ca08ff3aad58cb722f7"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror",
+ "ucd-trie",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pest_derive"
+version = "2.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a81186863f3d0a27340815be8f2078dd8050b14cd71913db9fbda795e5f707d7"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+ "pest_generator",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pest_generator"
+version = "2.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "75a1ef20bf3193c15ac345acb32e26b3dc3223aff4d77ae4fc5359567683796b"
+dependencies = [
+ "pest",
+ "pest_meta",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pest_meta"
+version = "2.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e3b284b1f13a20dc5ebc90aff59a51b8d7137c221131b52a7260c08cbc1cc80"
+dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
+ "pest",
+ "sha2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project"
 version = "1.0.12"
@@ -402,6 +1105,18 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pkg-config"
+version = "0.3.26"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ac9a59f73473f1b8d852421e59e64809f025994837ef743615c6d0c5b305160"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ppv-lite86"
+version = "0.2.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.52"
@@ -420,6 +1135,36 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.6.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
 version = "0.2.16"
@@ -429,6 +1174,52 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "redox_users"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b033d837a7cf162d7993aded9304e30a83213c648b6e389db233191f891e5c2b"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "thiserror",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ron"
+version = "0.7.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88073939a61e5b7680558e6be56b419e208420c2adb92be54921fa6b72283f1a"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64",
+ "bitflags",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rust-ini"
+version = "0.18.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f6d5f2436026b4f6e79dc829837d467cc7e9a55ee40e750d716713540715a2df"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "ordered-multimap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.36.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "db4165c9963ab29e422d6c26fbc1d37f15bace6b2810221f9d925023480fcf0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "errno",
+ "io-lifetimes",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.45.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
 version = "1.0.12"
@@ -441,12 +1232,50 @@ version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f91339c0467de62360649f8d3e185ca8de4224ff281f66000de5eb2a77a79041"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "schannel"
+version = "0.1.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "713cfb06c7059f3588fb8044c0fad1d09e3c01d225e25b9220dbfdcf16dbb1b3"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.42.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
 version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "scratch"
+version = "1.0.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1792db035ce95be60c3f8853017b3999209281c24e2ba5bc8e59bf97a0c590c1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework"
+version = "2.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a332be01508d814fed64bf28f798a146d73792121129962fdf335bb3c49a4254"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "security-framework-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "security-framework-sys"
+version = "2.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "31c9bb296072e961fcbd8853511dd39c2d8be2deb1e17c6860b1d30732b323b4"
+dependencies = [
+ "core-foundation-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
 version = "1.0.158"
@@ -499,6 +1328,28 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sha1"
+version = "0.10.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f04293dc80c3993519f2d7f6f511707ee7094fe0c6d3406feb330cdb3540eba3"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sha2"
+version = "0.10.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "82e6b795fe2e3b1e845bafcb27aa35405c4d47cdfc92af5fc8d3002f76cebdc0"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cpufeatures",
+ "digest",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sharded-slab"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -542,6 +1393,126 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlformat"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0c12bc9199d1db8234678b7051747c07f517cdcf019262d1847b94ec8b1aee3e"
+dependencies = [
+ "itertools",
+ "nom",
+ "unicode_categories",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx"
+version = "0.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8de3b03a925878ed54a954f621e64bf55a3c1bd29652d0d1a17830405350188"
+dependencies = [
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "sqlx-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-core"
+version = "0.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa8241483a83a3f33aa5fff7e7d9def398ff9990b2752b6c6112b83c6d246029"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "atoi",
+ "base64",
+ "bitflags",
+ "byteorder",
+ "bytes",
+ "chrono",
+ "crc",
+ "crossbeam-queue",
+ "dirs",
+ "dotenvy",
+ "either",
+ "event-listener",
+ "futures-channel",
+ "futures-core",
+ "futures-intrusive",
+ "futures-util",
+ "hashlink",
+ "hex",
+ "hkdf",
+ "hmac",
+ "indexmap",
+ "itoa",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "md-5",
+ "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
+ "paste",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "rand",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "sha1",
+ "sha2",
+ "smallvec",
+ "sqlformat",
+ "sqlx-rt",
+ "stringprep",
+ "thiserror",
+ "tokio-stream",
+ "url",
+ "uuid",
+ "whoami",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-macros"
+version = "0.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9966e64ae989e7e575b19d7265cb79d7fc3cbbdf179835cb0d716f294c2049c9"
+dependencies = [
+ "dotenvy",
+ "either",
+ "heck",
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "sha2",
+ "sqlx-core",
+ "sqlx-rt",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "url",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "sqlx-rt"
+version = "0.6.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "804d3f245f894e61b1e6263c84b23ca675d96753b5abfd5cc8597d86806e8024"
+dependencies = [
+ "native-tls",
+ "once_cell",
+ "tokio",
+ "tokio-native-tls",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "stringprep"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8ee348cb74b87454fff4b551cbf727025810a004f88aeacae7f85b87f4e9a1c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-bidi",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "subtle"
+version = "2.4.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6bdef32e8150c2a081110b42772ffe7d7c9032b606bc226c8260fd97e0976601"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
 version = "1.0.109"
@@ -570,6 +1541,48 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2047c6ded9c721764247e62cd3b03c09ffc529b2ba5b10ec482ae507a4a70160"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tempfile"
+version = "3.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "af18f7ae1acd354b992402e9ec5864359d693cd8a79dcbef59f76891701c1e95"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "fastrand",
+ "redox_syscall",
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-sys 0.42.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "termcolor"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be55cf8942feac5c765c2c993422806843c9a9a45d4d5c407ad6dd2ea95eb9b6"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "1.0.40"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "978c9a314bd8dc99be594bc3c175faaa9794be04a5a5e153caba6915336cebac"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "1.0.40"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9456a42c5b0d803c8cd86e73dd7cc9edd429499f37a3550d286d5e86720569f"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.4",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thread_local"
 version = "1.1.7"
@@ -580,6 +1593,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87cc5ceb3875bb20c2890005a4e226a4651264a5c75edb2421b52861a0a0cb50"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec_macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinyvec_macros"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
 version = "1.26.0"
@@ -592,12 +1620,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "mio",
  "num_cpus",
- "parking_lot",
+ "parking_lot 0.12.1",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "signal-hook-registry",
  "socket2",
  "tokio-macros",
- "windows-sys",
+ "windows-sys 0.45.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -611,6 +1639,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-native-tls"
+version = "0.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbae76ab933c85776efabc971569dd6119c580d8f5d448769dec1764bf796ef2"
+dependencies = [
+ "native-tls",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tokio-stream"
+version = "0.1.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8fb52b74f05dbf495a8fba459fdc331812b96aa086d9eb78101fa0d4569c3313"
+dependencies = [
+ "futures-core",
+ "pin-project-lite",
+ "tokio",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-util"
 version = "0.7.7"
@@ -625,6 +1674,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "tracing",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "0.5.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f4f7f0dd8d50a853a531c426359045b1998f04219d88799810762cd4ad314234"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
 version = "0.4.13"
@@ -718,18 +1776,92 @@ version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3528ecfd12c466c6f163363caf2d02a71161dd5e1cc6ae7b34207ea2d42d81ed"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "typenum"
+version = "1.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "497961ef93d974e23eb6f433eb5fe1b7930b659f06d12dec6fc44a8f554c0bba"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ucd-trie"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9e79c4d996edb816c91e4308506774452e55e95c3c9de07b6729e17e15a5ef81"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-bidi"
+version = "0.3.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "92888ba5573ff080736b3648696b70cafad7d250551175acbaa4e0385b3e1460"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
 version = "1.0.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e5464a87b239f13a63a501f2701565754bae92d243d4bb7eb12f6d57d2269bf4"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-normalization"
+version = "0.1.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c5713f0fc4b5db668a2ac63cdb7bb4469d8c9fed047b1d0292cc7b0ce2ba921"
+dependencies = [
+ "tinyvec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-segmentation"
+version = "1.10.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1dd624098567895118886609431a7c3b8f516e41d30e0643f03d94592a147e36"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-width"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0edd1e5b14653f783770bce4a4dabb4a5108a5370a5f5d8cfe8710c361f6c8b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode_categories"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "39ec24b3121d976906ece63c9daad25b85969647682eee313cb5779fdd69e14e"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "url"
+version = "2.3.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0d68c799ae75762b8c3fe375feb6600ef5602c883c5d21eb51c09f22b83c4643"
+dependencies = [
+ "form_urlencoded",
+ "idna",
+ "percent-encoding",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "uuid"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1674845326ee10d37ca60470760d4288a6f80f304007d92e5c53bab78c9cfd79"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "valuable"
 version = "0.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "830b7e5d4d90034032940e4ace0d9a9a057e7a45cd94e6c007832e39edb82f6d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "vcpkg"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "version_check"
+version = "0.9.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "want"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -746,6 +1878,80 @@ version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen"
+version = "0.2.84"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "31f8dcbc21f30d9b8f2ea926ecb58f6b91192c17e9d33594b3df58b2007ca53b"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
+version = "0.2.84"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "95ce90fd5bcc06af55a641a86428ee4229e44e07033963a2290a8e241607ccb9"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
+version = "0.2.84"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4c21f77c0bedc37fd5dc21f897894a5ca01e7bb159884559461862ae90c0b4c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "quote",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
+version = "0.2.84"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2aff81306fcac3c7515ad4e177f521b5c9a15f2b08f4e32d823066102f35a5f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "wasm-bindgen-backend",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
+version = "0.2.84"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0046fef7e28c3804e5e38bfa31ea2a0f73905319b677e57ebe37e49358989b5d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.61"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e33b99f4b23ba3eec1a53ac264e35a755f00e966e0065077d6027c0f575b0b97"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "whoami"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2c70234412ca409cc04e864e89523cb0fc37f5e1344ebed5a3ebf4192b6b9f68"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
 version = "0.3.9"
@@ -762,12 +1968,45 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "70ec6ce85bb158151cae5e5c87f95a8e97d2c0c4b001223f33a334e3ce5de178"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
 version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows"
+version = "0.46.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cdacb41e6a96a052c6cb63a144f24900236121c6f63f4f8219fef5977ecb0c25"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.42.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a3e1820f08b8513f676f7ab6c1f99ff312fb97b553d30ff4dd86f9f15728aa7"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+ "windows_i686_gnu",
+ "windows_i686_msvc",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.45.0"
@@ -834,13 +2073,24 @@ version = "0.42.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9aec5da331524158c6d1a4ac0ab1541149c0b9505fde06423b02f5ef0106b9f0"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "yaml-rust"
+version = "0.4.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56c1936c4cc7a1c9ab21a1ebb602eb942ba868cbd44a99cb7cdc5892335e1c85"
+dependencies = [
+ "linked-hash-map",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ztp"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "axum",
+ "config",
  "hyper",
  "serde",
+ "sqlx",
  "tokio",
  "tower",
  "tracing",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7a86efd..6654ea8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ name = "ztp"
 
 [dependencies]
 axum = "0.6.11"
+config = "0.13.3"
 hyper = { version = "0.14.25", features = ["full"] }
 serde = { version = "1.0.158", features = ["derive"] }
+sqlx = { version = "0.6.3", features = ["runtime-tokio-native-tls", "macros", "postgres", "uuid", "chrono"] }
 tokio = { version = "1.26.0", features = ["full"] }
 tower = "0.4.13"
 tracing = "0.1.35"
diff --git a/db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql b/db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18a19b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+-- migrate:up
+create table subscriptions (
+   id uuid not null,
+   primary key (id),
+   email text not null unique,
+   name text not null,
+   subscribed_at timestamptz not null
+);
+
+-- migrate:down
diff --git a/db/schema.sql b/db/schema.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47a791c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/schema.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+SET statement_timeout = 0;
+SET lock_timeout = 0;
+SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = 0;
+SET client_encoding = 'UTF8';
+SET standard_conforming_strings = on;
+SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', false);
+SET check_function_bodies = false;
+SET xmloption = content;
+SET client_min_messages = warning;
+SET row_security = off;
+
+SET default_tablespace = '';
+
+SET default_with_oids = false;
+
+--
+-- Name: schema_migrations; Type: TABLE; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+CREATE TABLE public.schema_migrations (
+    version character varying(128) NOT NULL
+);
+
+
+--
+-- Name: subscriptions; Type: TABLE; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+CREATE TABLE public.subscriptions (
+    id uuid NOT NULL,
+    email text NOT NULL,
+    name text NOT NULL,
+    subscribed_at timestamp with time zone NOT NULL
+);
+
+
+--
+-- Name: schema_migrations schema_migrations_pkey; Type: CONSTRAINT; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+ALTER TABLE ONLY public.schema_migrations
+    ADD CONSTRAINT schema_migrations_pkey PRIMARY KEY (version);
+
+
+--
+-- Name: subscriptions subscriptions_email_key; Type: CONSTRAINT; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+ALTER TABLE ONLY public.subscriptions
+    ADD CONSTRAINT subscriptions_email_key UNIQUE (email);
+
+
+--
+-- Name: subscriptions subscriptions_pkey; Type: CONSTRAINT; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+ALTER TABLE ONLY public.subscriptions
+    ADD CONSTRAINT subscriptions_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id);
+
+
+--
+-- PostgreSQL database dump complete
+--
+
+
+--
+-- Dbmate schema migrations
+--
+
+INSERT INTO public.schema_migrations (version) VALUES
+    ('20230322174957');
diff --git a/docs/04-forms-and-serializers.md b/docs/04-forms-and-serializers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..080d29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/04-forms-and-serializers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
++++
+title = "Forms and Serializers"
+date = 2023-03-20T17:38:12Z
+weight = 3
++++
+
+## Chapter 3.7 (Sort-of): Forms and Serializations
+
+This chapter introduces the Actix "Extractors" for retrieving form data. I've
+added tests to the `./tests` folder to attempt to interact with those
+extractors; as of this commit, a89cbe5b, they fail because the example code
+isn't there.
+
+What is there is a variant of the "Hello, World!" code from the previous
+exercises (section 3.5), which uses the Actix extractor:
+
+``` rust
+// Actix, *not* Axum. Does not work with the current framework.
+fn index(form: web::Form<FormData>) -> String {
+    format!('Welcome {}!', form.username)
+}
+```
+
+Translated and polished into Axum, it translates to:
+
+``` rust
+pub async fn index(payload: Option<Form<FormData>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let username = payload.map_or("World".to_string(), move |index| -> String {
+        String::from(&(index.username))
+    });
+    (StatusCode::OK, format!("Hello, {}!\n", &username))
+}
+```
+
+The Axum version is a little smarter, providing a default "World!" if you don't
+specify a name.  That's what `.map_or` does, although the `or` part actually
+comes first in the function.  So the result is:
+
+``` sh
+$ curl http://localhost:3000/
+Hello, World!
+$ curl 'http://localhost:3000/?username=Spock'
+Hello, Spock!
+```
+
+Which is more or less the version we want.
+
+**Section 3.7.3** then goes into some detail on the implementation of a Trait.
+A Trait in Rust is like an Interface in other languages; it describes a
+collection of functions for manipulating the values found in a defined Type.
+
+**Types**: A Type is just a description of the value: `u16` is a sixteen-bit
+unsigned integer; `char` is a Unicode character, and it's size is always 32bits,
+but a `String` is a bunch of things: it's an array of characters (which are not
+always `char`!), a length for that string and a capacity. If the String is
+manipulated to exceed the capacity, the array is re-allocated to a new capacity
+and the old array copied into it. A `Vec<String>` is an array of Strings; as a
+Type, it is considered to have a single value: whatever is in it at the moment
+you use it.
+
+**Trait**: A Trait defines a collection of one or more functions that can
+operate on a value.
+
+The truly nifty thing about Traits is that they can be implemented after the
+fact. By importing a Trait and an implementation of that trait specific to a
+type into a module containing that type, you can extend the behavior of a type
+in a deterministic way without having to modify or inherit the code, as you
+would in an object-oriented language.
+
+Axum has a valuable trait, `FromRequest`. For any structure you can imagine
+passing from the client to the server, you can implement `FromRequest` for that
+object and any content in the body of the message will be transformed into that
+structure.
+
+We've seen a trait before: `IntoResponse`, written as `impl IntoResponse`, and
+is the output (the return type) of many of the functions that produce return
+values for our application server. In this case the return type instructs Rust
+to look in the current lexical scope and, for the value returned by that
+function, determine if an `IntoResponse` trait has been defined for it. If it
+has, the value will be returned because Axum has now been assured that there
+exists a function to convert that value into something streamable and usable as
+an HTTP response.
+
+Fortunately for us, Axum has already implemented `FromRequest` for all the
+native data types, as well as some structures and arrays.  Even better, it has
+implemented `FromRequest` for the Serde serialization/deserialization library.
+
+So in this example:
+
+``` rust
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct FormData {
+   username: String,
+}
+
+pub async fn index(payload: Option<Form<FormData>>) -> impl IntoResponse { ...
+```
+
+A `Form` (something using the `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` protocol) of
+`FormData` will automatically be converted into a `payload` object of `{
+username: "Spock" )`, and in this case wrapped in a `Some()` handler. (Or
+`None`, if there was no form included.) <aside>So far, there's not too much
+bloat in this product; with all the debugging symbols, it's 60MB or so, but
+stripped to the bone it's only 3.1MB, tolerable for modern deployments.</aside>
+
+First, though, we must adjust our `valid_subscription` test:
+
+``` rust
+    let body = "name=le%20guin&email=ursula_le_guin%40gmail.com";
+    let response = hyper::Client::new()
+        .request(
+            Request::builder()
+                .method("POST")
+                .header("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+                .uri(format!("http://{}/subscriptions", addr))
+                .body(Body::from(body))
+                .unwrap(),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to execute request.");
+```
+
+Two updates from the book: first, we're sending it via POST instead of GET. This
+is the correct way to do things; a GET should never (and I mean *never*) cause a
+change of state on the back-end. To send something new that the server will
+process and store, you use a POST. (To update something, or to send something to
+a known *and unique* URI, PUT is better.) Secondly, since we're using a generic
+form-data object, we need to set the content-type on the client so that the
+server is informed of how to unpack this payload. The '%20' and '%40' markers in
+the `body` are the space and the `@` respectively.
+
+## Chapter 3.8.4: Initializing the database
+
+I completely ignored the advice in the book and went instead with
+[Dbmate](https://github.com/amacneil/dbmate); Dbmate is a bit cranky; your SQL
+must be very much nestled against the 'up' and 'down' markers in the migration
+file, and it seems to be quite opinionated about everything being lowercase.
+That said, it was trivial to create a database with it:
+
+``` sh
+$ dbmate new create_subscriptions_table
+```
+
+This will create the folder
+`db/migrations/20230322174957_create_subscriptions_table.sql`,
+(The timestamp will be different, obviously), and in this file you put the
+following, as specified in the book:
+
+``` sql
+-- migrate:up
+create table subscriptions (
+   id uuid not null,
+   primary key (id),
+   email text not null unique,
+   name text not null,
+   subscribed_at timestamptz not null
+);
+
+-- migrate:down
+drop table subscriptions;
+```
+
+To use Dbmate, you have to specify how to connect.  I'm using Postgres, so let's
+start with creating a database and a user for it:
+
+``` sh
+$ sudo -u postgres psql
+[sudo] possword for user: ...................
+postgres=# create database newsletter;
+CREATE DATABASE
+postgres=# create user newletter with encrypted password 'redacted';
+CREATE USER
+postgres=# grant all privileges on database newsletter to newsletter;
+GRANT
+postgres=# exit
+```
+
+In your project root, create a `.env` file to specify your connection:
+
+``` sh
+DATABASE_URL="postgres://newsletter:redacted@127.0.0.1:5432/newsletter?sslmode=disable"
+```
+
+The `sslmode` flag there is necessary for localhost connections, as Dbmate
+assumes an encrypted connection by default, but we're isolating to a local
+connection that is, usually, safe.
+
+With the new entry in your `.env` file, you can now run a migration:
+
+``` sh
+$ dbmate up
+Writing: ./db/schema.sql
+```
+
+Running `dbmate up` will automatically create the database for you if it hasn't
+already; `dbmate migrate` also performs migrations, but it will not create the
+database.
+
+Now you can re-connect to Postgres as the newsletter user and see what you've
+got:
+
+``` sh
+$ psql --user newsletter -h localhost --password
+Password:
+psql (14.7 (Ubuntu 14.7-0ubuntu0.22.04.1), server 11.7 (Ubuntu 11.7-0ubuntu0.19.10.1))
+newsletter=> \d
+                List of relations
+ Schema |       Name        | Type  |   Owner
+--------+-------------------+-------+------------
+ public | schema_migrations | table | newsletter
+ public | subscriptions     | table | newsletter
+(2 rows)
+
+newsletter=> \d subscriptions
+                       Table "public.subscriptions"
+    Column     |           Type           | Collation | Nullable | Default
+---------------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
+ id            | uuid                     |           | not null |
+ email         | text                     |           | not null |
+ name          | text                     |           | not null |
+ subscribed_at | timestamp with time zone |           | not null |
+Indexes:
+    "subscriptions_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
+    "subscriptions_email_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email)
+```
+
+Note that Dbmate has allocated a table to itself, `schema_migrations`, for
+tracking what it's done to your system and when. Try not to conflict with it,
+okay?
+
+## Section 3.8.5: Reading in the Configuration
+
+Every complex app has a configuration, and there are plenty of different ways
+the configuration can be specified. Environment variables, internal defaults,
+and configuration files-- the last of which comes in so many different flavors.
+
+Rust has a well-known [config](https://docs.rs/config/latest/config/index.html)
+crate that supports all the most common configurations: YAML, JSON, TOML; you
+can even add your own by writing something that implements the `config::Format`
+trait.  Add it to Cargo.toml:
+
+``` sh
+$ cargo add config
+```
+
+For the meantime, we're just going to create a new file, called
+`configuration.rs`, and put our configuration details in there.  Right now we
+have a single configuration detail: the port.
+
+I'm going to go above and beyond Lucas here and configure some internal defaults
+for my code.  It will have expectations.  First, you have to tell Serde that
+there will be default values:
+
+``` rust
+use config::Config;
+
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Settings {
+    pub port: u16,
+}
+```
+
+Then, you have to set those default values. Fortunately, Rust provides a "set
+default values" trait named, sensibly enough, Default:
+
+``` rust
+impl Default for Settings {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Settings { port: 3001 }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Again, exceeding the book's parameters, I'm going to say that if the file is
+missing the default parameters should hold:
+
+``` rust
+pub(crate) fn get_configuration() -> Result<Settings, config::ConfigError> {
+    Config::builder()
+        .add_source(config::File::with_name("./ztd.config").required(false))
+        .build()?
+        .try_deserialize()
+}
+```
+
+And since this is the first time I'm doing this, I'm going to write a test to
+assert that my understanding of how this all works is correct:
+
+``` rust
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_for_defaults() {
+        let maybe_config = get_configuration();
+        assert!(!maybe_config.is_err());
+        let config = maybe_config.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.port, 3001);
+    }
+}
+```
diff --git a/src/configuration.rs b/src/configuration.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..253c06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/configuration.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use config::Config;
+
+/*
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct DatabaseSettings {
+    pub username: String,
+    pub password: String,
+    pub host: String,
+    pub port: u16,
+    pub database: String,
+}
+
+*/
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct Settings {
+    // pub database: DatabaseSettings,
+    pub port: u16,
+}
+
+impl Default for Settings {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Settings { port: 3001 }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn get_configuration() -> Result<Settings, config::ConfigError> {
+    Config::builder()
+        .add_source(config::File::with_name("./ztd.config").required(false))
+        .build()?
+        .try_deserialize()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_for_defaults() {
+        let maybe_config = get_configuration();
+        assert!(!maybe_config.is_err());
+        let config = maybe_config.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.port, 3001);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 61c9bcb..3d4c210 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
-use axum::{extract::Path, http::StatusCode, response::IntoResponse, routing::get, Router};
+use axum::{
+    extract::Path,
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::{get, post},
+    Router,
+};
 use std::net::SocketAddr;
 
+mod configuration;
 mod user;
-use user::index;
+use configuration::get_configuration;
+use user::{index, subscribe};
 
 async fn greet(Path(name): Path<String>) -> impl IntoResponse {
     let greeting = String::from("He's dead, ") + name.as_str();
@@ -17,12 +25,15 @@ async fn health_check() -> impl IntoResponse {
 pub fn app() -> Router {
     Router::new()
         .route("/", get(index))
+        .route("/subscriptions", post(subscribe))
         .route("/:name", get(greet))
         .route("/health_check", get(health_check))
 }
 
 pub async fn run() {
-    let addr = SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], 3000));
+    let configuration = get_configuration().unwrap();
+
+    let addr = SocketAddr::from(([127, 0, 0, 1], configuration.port));
     tracing::info!("listening on {}", addr);
     axum::Server::bind(&addr)
         .serve(app().into_make_service())
@@ -63,6 +74,6 @@ mod tests {
             .unwrap();
 
         let body = hyper::body::to_bytes(response.into_body()).await.unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(&body[..], b"Hello World!\n");
+        assert_eq!(&body[..], b"Hello, World!\n");
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/user.rs b/src/user.rs
index e5cbe5a..9f5184c 100644
--- a/src/user.rs
+++ b/src/user.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,23 @@
 use axum::{http::StatusCode, response::IntoResponse, Form};
 
 #[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
-pub struct FormData {
+pub(crate) struct IndexData {
     username: String,
 }
 
-pub async fn index(payload: Option<Form<FormData>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
-    let username = payload.map_or("World !".to_string(), move |index| -> String {
+pub(crate) async fn index(payload: Option<Form<IndexData>>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    let username = payload.map_or("World".to_string(), move |index| -> String {
         String::from(&(index.username))
     });
-    (StatusCode::OK, format!("Hello, {}", &username))
+    (StatusCode::OK, format!("Hello, {}!\n", &username))
+}
+
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct Subscription {
+    _email: String,
+    _name: String,
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn subscribe(_payload: Form<Subscription>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    (StatusCode::OK, ())
 }
diff --git a/tests/health_check.rs b/tests/health_check.rs
index ace435a..686ddaa 100644
--- a/tests/health_check.rs
+++ b/tests/health_check.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ async fn spawn_server() -> (SocketAddr, NullHandle) {
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
-async fn the_real_deal() {
+async fn test_for_hello_world() {
     let (addr, _server_handle) = spawn_server().await;
 
     let response = hyper::Client::new()
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ async fn the_real_deal() {
         .unwrap();
 
     let body = hyper::body::to_bytes(response.into_body()).await.unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(&body[..], b"Hello World!\n");
+    assert_eq!(&body[..], b"Hello, World!\n");
 }
 
 #[tokio::test]
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ async fn valid_subscription() {
         .request(
             Request::builder()
                 .method("POST")
+                .header("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
                 .uri(format!("http://{}/subscriptions", addr))
                 .body(Body::from(body))
                 .unwrap(),
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ async fn subscribe_returns_400_on_missing_data() {
             .request(
                 Request::builder()
                     .method("POST")
+                    .header("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
                     .uri(format!("http://{}/subscriptions", addr))
                     .body(Body::from(invalid_body))
                     .unwrap(),
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ async fn subscribe_returns_400_on_missing_data() {
 
         // TODO This should be 400 "Bad Request"
         assert_eq!(
-            405,
+            415,
             response.status().as_u16(),
             // Additional customised error message on test failure
             "The API did not fail with 400 Bad Request when the payload was {}.",