Updated with smarter commentary and better code.

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+.SUFFIXES: .nw .js .pdf .html .tex 
+
+NOTANGLE=		notangle
+NOWEAVE=		noweave
+ECHO=			/bin/echo
+
+all: index.html store.js 
+
+.nw.html:
+	$(NOWEAVE) -filter l2h -delay -x -index -autodefs c -html $*.nw > $*.html
+
+.nw.tex:
+	$(NOWEAVE) -x -delay $*.nw > $*.tex 			#$
+
+.tex.pdf:
+	xelatex $*.tex; \
+	while grep -s 'Rerun to get cross-references right' $*.log; \
+        do \
+		xelatex *$.tex; \
+	done
+
+.nw.js:
+	@ $(ECHO) $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $<
+	@ - $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $< > $*.nw-js-tmp
+	@ if [ -s "$*.nw-js-tmp" ]; then \
+		mv $*.nw-js-tmp $@; \
+	else \
+		echo "$@ not found in $<"; \
+	rm $*.nw-js-tmp; \
+	fi	
+
+store.js: backbonestore.nw
+	@ $(ECHO) $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $<
+	@ - $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $< > $*.nw-html-tmp
+	@ if [ -s "$*.nw-html-tmp" ]; then \
+		mv $*.nw-html-tmp $@; \
+	else \
+		echo "$@ not found in $<"; \
+	rm $*.nw-tmp; \
+	fi	
+
+index.html:
+	@ $(ECHO) $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $<
+	@ - $(NOTANGLE) -c -R$@ $< > $*.nw-html-tmp
+	@ if [ -s "$*.nw-html-tmp" ]; then \
+		mv $*.nw-html-tmp $@; \
+	else \
+		echo "$@ not found in $<"; \
+	rm $*.nw-tmp; \
+	fi	
+
+
+clean:
+	- rm -f *.tex *.dvi *.aux *.toc *.log *.out *.html *.js
+
+realclean: clean
+	- rm -f *.pdf
+

backbone.js

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//     Backbone.js 0.3.2
+//     Backbone.js 0.3.3
 //     (c) 2010 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 //     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
 //     For all details and documentation:
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@
   }
 
   // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
-  Backbone.VERSION = '0.3.2';
+  Backbone.VERSION = '0.3.3';
 
   // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
   var _ = this._;
   if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require("underscore")._;
 
-  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery owns the `$` variable.
+  // For Backbone's purposes, either jQuery or Zepto owns the `$` variable.
-  var $ = this.jQuery;
+  var $ = this.jQuery || this.Zepto;
 
   // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to use support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option will
   // fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and set a
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@
     attributes || (attributes = {});
     if (this.defaults) attributes = _.extend({}, this.defaults, attributes);
     this.attributes = {};
+    this._escapedAttributes = {};
     this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
     this.set(attributes, {silent : true});
     this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
@@ -147,6 +148,14 @@
       return this.attributes[attr];
     },
 
+    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+    escape : function(attr) {
+      var html;
+      if (html = this._escapedAttributes[attr]) return html;
+      var val = this.attributes[attr];
+      return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = escapeHTML(val == null ? '' : val);
+    },
+
     // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless you
     // choose to silence it.
     set : function(attrs, options) {
@@ -155,7 +164,7 @@
       options || (options = {});
       if (!attrs) return this;
       if (attrs.attributes) attrs = attrs.attributes;
-      var now = this.attributes;
+      var now = this.attributes, escaped = this._escapedAttributes;
 
       // Run validation.
       if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(attrs, options)) return false;
@@ -168,15 +177,16 @@
         var val = attrs[attr];
         if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val)) {
           now[attr] = val;
+          delete escaped[attr];
           if (!options.silent) {
             this._changed = true;
-            this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, val);
+            this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, val, options);
           }
         }
       }
 
       // Fire the `"change"` event, if the model has been changed.
-      if (!options.silent && this._changed) this.change();
+      if (!options.silent && this._changed) this.change(options);
       return this;
     },
 
@@ -193,10 +203,11 @@
 
       // Remove the attribute.
       delete this.attributes[attr];
+      delete this._escapedAttributes[attr];
       if (!options.silent) {
         this._changed = true;
-        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this);
+        this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, void 0, options);
-        this.change();
+        this.change(options);
       }
       return this;
     },
@@ -213,12 +224,13 @@
       if (!options.silent && this.validate && !this._performValidation(validObj, options)) return false;
 
       this.attributes = {};
+      this._escapedAttributes = {};
       if (!options.silent) {
         this._changed = true;
         for (attr in old) {
-          this.trigger('change:' + attr, this);
+          this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, void 0, options);
         }
-        this.change();
+        this.change(options);
       }
       return this;
     },
@@ -233,7 +245,7 @@
         if (!model.set(model.parse(resp), options)) return false;
         if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
       };
-      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      var error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
       (this.sync || Backbone.sync)('read', this, success, error);
       return this;
     },
@@ -249,7 +261,7 @@
         if (!model.set(model.parse(resp), options)) return false;
         if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
       };
-      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      var error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
       var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';
       (this.sync || Backbone.sync)(method, this, success, error);
       return this;
@@ -264,7 +276,7 @@
         if (model.collection) model.collection.remove(model);
         if (options.success) options.success(model, resp);
       };
-      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, model);
+      var error = wrapError(options.error, model, options);
       (this.sync || Backbone.sync)('delete', this, success, error);
       return this;
     },
@@ -297,8 +309,8 @@
 
     // Call this method to manually fire a `change` event for this model.
     // Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
-    change : function() {
+    change : function(options) {
-      this.trigger('change', this);
+      this.trigger('change', this, options);
       this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
       this._changed = false;
     },
@@ -349,7 +361,7 @@
         if (options.error) {
           options.error(this, error);
         } else {
-          this.trigger('error', this, error);
+          this.trigger('error', this, error, options);
         }
         return false;
       }
@@ -441,7 +453,7 @@
       options || (options = {});
       if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
       this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator);
-      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this);
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this, options);
       return this;
     },
 
@@ -458,7 +470,7 @@
       options || (options = {});
       this._reset();
       this.add(models, {silent: true});
-      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this);
+      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('refresh', this, options);
       return this;
     },
 
@@ -471,7 +483,7 @@
         collection.refresh(collection.parse(resp));
         if (options.success) options.success(collection, resp);
       };
-      var error = options.error && _.bind(options.error, null, collection);
+      var error = wrapError(options.error, collection, options);
       (this.sync || Backbone.sync)('read', this, success, error);
       return this;
     },
@@ -530,7 +542,7 @@
       this.models.splice(index, 0, model);
       model.bind('all', this._boundOnModelEvent);
       this.length++;
-      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('add', model, this);
+      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
       return model;
     },
 
@@ -545,7 +557,7 @@
       delete model.collection;
       this.models.splice(this.indexOf(model), 1);
       this.length--;
-      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('remove', model, this);
+      if (!options.silent) model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
       model.unbind('all', this._boundOnModelEvent);
       return model;
     },
@@ -669,8 +681,7 @@
 
     // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment.
     getFragment : function(loc) {
-      var frag =  (loc || window.location).hash.replace(hashStrip, '');
+      return (loc || window.location).hash.replace(hashStrip, '');
-      return frag;
     },
 
     // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
@@ -751,10 +762,10 @@
     this.initialize(options);
   };
 
-  // jQuery lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the current view.
+  // Element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the current view.
-  // This should be prefered to global jQuery lookups, if you're dealing with
+  // This should be prefered to global lookups, if you're dealing with
   // a specific view.
-  var jQueryDelegate = function(selector) {
+  var selectorDelegate = function(selector) {
     return $(selector, this.el);
   };
 
@@ -767,9 +778,8 @@
     // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
     tagName : 'div',
 
-    // Attach the jQuery function as the `$` and `jQuery` properties.
+    // Attach the `selectorDelegate` function as the `$` property.
-    $       : jQueryDelegate,
+    $       : selectorDelegate,
-    jQuery  : jQueryDelegate,
 
     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
     // initialization logic.
@@ -811,7 +821,7 @@
     //     }
     //
     // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
-    // Uses jQuery event delegation for efficiency.
+    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
     // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
     // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
     // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
@@ -850,7 +860,7 @@
       if (this.el) return;
       var attrs = {};
       if (this.id) attrs.id = this.id;
-      if (this.className) attrs.className = this.className;
+      if (this.className) attrs["class"] = this.className;
       this.el = this.make(this.tagName, attrs);
     }
 
@@ -880,7 +890,7 @@
 
   // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
   // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
-  // model in question. By default, uses jQuery to make a RESTful Ajax request
+  // model in question. By default, uses makes a RESTful Ajax request
   // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
   //
   // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
@@ -982,4 +992,20 @@
     return _.isFunction(object.url) ? object.url() : object.url;
   };
 
+  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+  var wrapError = function(onError, model, options) {
+    return function(resp) {
+      if (onError) {
+        onError(model, resp);
+      } else {
+        model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+      }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Helper function to escape a string for HTML rendering.
+  var escapeHTML = function(string) {
+    return string.replace(/&(?!\w+;)/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;');
+  };
+
 })();

backbonestore.nw

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+% -*- Mode: noweb; noweb-code-mode: javascript-mode ; noweb-doc-mode: latex-mode -*-
 \documentclass{article}
 \usepackage{noweb}
 \usepackage{hyperref}
@@ -9,44 +10,84 @@
 % notangle -Rstore.js backbonestore.nw > store.js
 % notangle -Rindex.html backbonestore.nw > index.html
 
-I've been learning how to use \nwanchorto{http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone/}{Backbone.js}, a nifty little library for
+\section{Introduction}
-organizing your client-side Javascript into a classic
-Model-View-Controller paradigm while trying (and to some extent,
-succeeding) in trying to burden you, the user, with as little
-additional learning as possible.  I consider this a good thing; the
-overhead of learning a library and its accompaning DSL represent
-additional cognitive loads that developers can better use elsewhere.
-Keeping as much as possible within familiar paradigms is not just
-useful, it's necessary as our programs get bigger.
 
-The tutorial for Backbone is woefully lacking in specifics, and the
+I've been playing with
-example program, Todo, doesn't really have much chops in teaching you
+\nwanchorto{http://documentcloud.github.com/backbone/}{Backbone.js}, a
-the ins and outs of Backbone, especially not its new Controller and
+small but nifty Javascript library that provides a small
-History modules.  But in the announcement for Backbone.Controller,
+Model-View-Controller framework where Models can generate events that
-Jeremy Ashkenas hid a clue: There's another library, Sammy.js, that
+trigger View changes, and vice versa, along with a Collections models
-does something similar, and they do have a tutorial called \nwanchorto{http://code.quirkey.com/sammy/tutorials/json_store_part1.html}{The JsonStore}.
+so groups of models can cause view-level events, and a Sync library
+that provides a basic REST architecture for propagating client-made
+changes back to the server.
 
-In the spirit of The JSON Store, I present The Backbone Store, and
+There are a number of good tutorials for Backbone (See:
-online store written entirely in JSON and operating entirely within a
+\nwanchorto{http://www.plexical.com/blog/2010/11/18/backbone-js-tutorial/}{Meta
-single page.
+  Cloud},
+\nwanchorto{http://andyet.net/blog/2010/oct/29/building-a-single-page-app-with-backbonejs-undersc/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter}{&Yet's
+  Tutorial},
+\nwanchor{http://bennolan.com/2010/11/24/backbone-jquery-demo.html}{Backbone
+  Mobile} (which is written in
+\nwanchorto{http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/}{Coffee}), and
+\nwanchor{http://joshbohde.com/2010/11/25/backbonejs-and-django/}{Backbone
+  and Django}.  However, a couple of months ago I was attempting to
+learn Sammy.js, a library very similar to Backbone, and they had a
+nifty tutorial called
+\nwanchorto{http://code.quirkey.com/sammy/tutorials/json_store_part1.html}{The
+  JsonStore}.  
 
-Let's start by showing you the HTML that we're going to be exploiting:
+In the spirit of The JSON Store, I present The Backbone Store.
+
+\subsection{Literate Program}
+
+A note: this article was written with the
+\nwanchorto{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming}{Literate
+  Programming} toolkit
+\nwanchorto{http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/}{Noweb}. Where you see
+something that looks like \<\<this\>\>, it's a placeholder for code
+described elsewhere in the document.  Placeholders with an equal sign
+at the end of them indicate the place where that code is defined.  The
+link (U->) indicates that the code you're seeing is used later in the
+document, and (<-U) indicates it was used earlier but is being defined
+here.
+
+\subsection{Revision}
+
+This is version 1.2 of \textit{The Backbone Store}.  It includes
+changes to the store based upon a better understanding of what
+Backbone.js can do.  This version uses jQuery 1.5 and Backbone 0.3.3.
+
+\subsection{The Store}
+
+The store has three features: A list of products, a product detail
+page, and a ``shopping cart'' that does nothing but tally up the
+number of products total that you might wish to order.  The main
+viewport flips between a list of products and a product detail; the
+shopping cart quantity tally is always visible.
+
+Let's start by showing you the HTML that we're going to be
+exploiting.  As you can see, the shopping cart's primary display is
+already present, with zero items shoving.  DOM ID ``main'' is empty.
+We'll fill it with templated data later.
+
+\subsection{HTML}
 
 <<index.html>>=
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
     <head>
-        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+        <title>
-
+            The Backbone Store
-        <title>The Backbone Store</title>
+        </title>
         <link rel="stylesheet" href="jsonstore.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
 
-        <<index template>>
+        <<product list template>>
 
         <<product template>>
 
     </head>
+
     <body>
         <div id="container">
             <div id="header">
@@ -59,10 +100,9 @@ Let's start by showing you the HTML that we're going to be exploiting:
                 </div>
             </div>
 
-            <div id="main">
+            <div id="main"> </div>
         </div>
-        </div>
+        <script src="jquery-1.5.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
-        <script src="jquery-1.4.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="jquery.tmpl.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="underscore.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="backbone.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
@@ -73,183 +113,93 @@ Let's start by showing you the HTML that we're going to be exploiting:
 
 This is taken, more or less, straight from The JSON Store.  I've
 included one extra thing, aside from jQuery and Backbone, and that's
-the \nwanchorto{https://github.com/jquery/jquery-tmpl}{jQuery Templates kit}.  We'll discuss those in a minute.  There's a
+the \nwanchorto{https://github.com/jquery/jquery-tmpl}{jQuery
-simplified JSON file that comes in the download; it contains six
+  Templates kit}.  There is also a simplified JSON file that comes in
-record albums that the store sells.  (Unlike the JSON store, these
+the download; it contains six record albums that the store sells.
-albums don't exist; the covers were generated during a round of \nwanchorto{http://elfs.livejournal.com/756709.html}{The Album Cover
+(Unlike the JSON store, these albums do not exist; the covers were
+generated during a round of
+\nwanchorto{http://elfs.livejournal.com/756709.html}{The Album Cover
   Game}.)
 
-There are two views, the index and the item.  So, using
+\section{The Program}
-[[Backbone.Controller]], we're going to route the following:
 
-<<routes>>=
+And here's the skeleton of the program we're going to be writing:
-    routes: {
+
-        "": "index",
+<<store.js>>=
-        "item/:id": "item",
+(function() {
-    },
+
+<<product models>>
+
+<<shopping cart models>>
+
+<<shopping cart view>>
+
+<<product list view>>
+
+<<product view>>
+
+<<application>>
+
+<<initialization>>
+
+}).call(this);
 @ 
 
-Unlike Sammy, Backbone mostly only routes GET commands.  Routes are to
+\section{Models and Collections for the Store}
-routes to views; everything else happens more or less under the
-covers.  
 
-As Backbone is running, the [[Backbone.History]] module is listening to
+Products are basically what we're selling.  In Backbone, a product
-the hash object, waiting for it to change so that it can trigger a
+maps to a Backbone Model.  Backbone's Model class provides a full
-``route'' event, in which case the function named as the value in the
+suite of methods for setting and deleting attributes.
-route is called.  
 
-There are a few things I want to track: the index view, the individual
+One of things I've found useful is to expose the CID (an internal and
-product views, and the shopping cart.  
+locally unique ``client ID'' generated by Backbone) and use it to
-
+decorate DOM id's and classes.  So, here, I override the Models's
-<<application variables>>=
+[[toJSON()]] and add the CID to the representation.  In production,
-    _index: null,
+I've typically created a parent class for all of my classes, overriden
-    _products: null,
+[[toJSON()]], and extended that instead.
-    _cart :null,
-@ 
-
-Using backbone, I have a list of products.  So, I should declare
-those.  The basic product is just a model, with nothing to show for
-it; the list of products is a [[Backbone.Collection]], with one feature,
-the [[comparator]], which sorts the albums in order by album title.
 
 <<product models>>=
-var Product = Backbone.Model.extend({});
+    var Product = Backbone.Model.extend({
+        toJSON: function() {
+            return _.extend(_.clone(this.attributes), {cid: this.cid})
+        }
+    });
 
+@ 
+
+A store has a lot of products, so we use a Backbone Collection to keep
+track of them.  A Collection always has a Model object associated with
+it; if you attempt to add an object to the Collection that is not an
+instance of [[Backbone.Model]], the Collection will attempt to coerce
+that object into it [[model]] type.
+
+Both Models and Collections have a [[toJSON()]] method.  The Model
+creates a JSON representation of its attributes, and the collection
+creates a JSON representation of an array, calling [[Model.toJSON()]]
+for each model in contains.
+
+
+The other novel thing here is the comparator; Backbone uses it define
+the default ordering for the collection.  If not defined, calling
+[[sort()]] on the collection raises an exception.
+
+<<product models>>=
     var ProductCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
         model: Product,
+
         comparator: function(item) {
             return item.get('title');
         }
     });
 @ 
 
-That's not very exciting.  Let's show this list, with a View.  Let's
+Shopping carts are a bit strange.  The typical cart has items: each
-call it IndexView:
+item represents one product and the quantity the user wants to buy.
+So a cart may have two items, but the user may be buying five things:
+one of the first item, and four of the second, and so forth.
 
-<<index view>>=
+For our (simple) purpose, I'm just going to have an item that you can
-var IndexView = Backbone.View.extend({
+add amounts to, that get stored as a 'quantity'.
-    el: $('#main'),
-    indexTemplate: $("#indexTmpl").template(),
-
-    render: function() {
-        var sg = this;
-        this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
-            sg.el.empty();
-            $.tmpl(sg.indexTemplate, sg.model.toArray()).appendTo(sg.el);
-            sg.el.fadeIn('fast');
-        });
-        return this;
-    }
-
-});
-@ 
-
-This code defines a [[Backbone.View]] object, in which the parent element
-is \#main, the render function fades out the existing elements in that
-position and replaces them with the contents of a rendered jQuery
-template, and then fades the element back in.
-
-The index template looks like this:
-
-<<index template>>=
-        <script id="indexTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
-        <div class="item">
-         <div class="item-image">
-             <a href="#item/${cid}"><img src="${attributes.image}" alt="${attributes.title}" /></a>
-         </div>
-         <div class="item-artist">${attributes.artist}</div>
-            <div class="item-title">${attributes.title}</div>
-            <div class="item-price">$${attributes.price}</div>
-        </div>
-        </script>
-@ 
-
-There's some
- \nwanchorto{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Demeter}{Demeter violations}
-going on here, in that I have to know about the [[attributes]] of a
-Backbone model, something that's normally hidden within the class.
-But this is good enough for our purposes.  The above is a jQuery
-template, and the [[\$\{\}]] syntax is what's used to dereference
-variables within a template.
-
-(As an aside, I think that the [[set]] and [[get]] methods of
-[[Backbone.Model]] are a poor access mechanism.  I understand why they're
-there, and I can only hope that someday
- \nwanchorto{http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-getters-and-setters/}{Javascript
-  Getter and Setters} become so well-established as to make [[set]]
-and [[get]] irrelevant.)
-
-Now, we can render the index view:
-
-<<index render call>>=
-    index: function() {
-        this._index.render();
-    },
-@ 
-
-At this point, well, we need an application.  A controller.  And we
-need to initialize it, and call it.  Here's what it looks like (some
-of this, you've already seen):
-
-<<workspace>>=
-var Workspace = Backbone.Controller.extend({
-<<application variables>>
-
-<<routes>>
-
-<<initialization>>
-
-<<index render call>>
-
-<<product render call>>
-});
-
-workspace = new Workspace();
-Backbone.history.start();
-@ 
-
-There are two things left in our workspace, that we haven't defined.
-The intialization, and the product render.
-
-Initialization consists of getting our product list, creating a
-shopping cart to hold ``desired'' products (and in quantity!), and
-creating the index view.  (Product views, we'll discuss in a moment).
-
-<<initialization>>=
-    initialize: function() {
-        var ws = this;
-        if (this._index === null) {
-            $.ajax({
-                url: 'data/items.json',
-                dataType: 'json',
-                data: {},
-                success: function(data) {
-                    ws._cart = new Cart();
-                    new CartView({model: ws._cart});
-                    ws._products = new ProductCollection(data);
-                    ws._index = new IndexView({model: ws._products});
-                    Backbone.history.loadUrl();
-                }
-            });
-            return this;
-        }
-        return this;
-    },
-@ 
-
-We haven't defined the Cart yet, but that's all right.  We'll get to
-it.)  But here you see a lot of what's already existent being used: we
-get a ProductCollection, and an IndexView.  
-
-That last line is curious.  It's an instruction to Backbone to look at
-the URL; if the user navigated to something other than the home page,
-it's to use the routes defined to go there.  Users can now bookmark
-places in your site other than the home page.  Yes, the bookmark will
-be funny and have at least one
- \nwanchorto{http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/octothorpe}{octothorpe} in it, but
-it will work.
-
-Let's deal with the shopping cart:
 
 <<shopping cart models>>=
     var CartItem = Backbone.Model.extend({
@@ -258,162 +208,149 @@ var CartItem = Backbone.Model.extend({
         }
     });
 
+@ 
 
+The other feature is that, for the collection, I will want to find the
+CartItem not by its ID, but by the ID of the product it contains.  So
+I have added the method [[getByProductId]].
+
+<<shopping cart models>>=    
     var Cart = Backbone.Collection.extend({
         model: CartItem,
-    getByPid: function(pid) {
+        getByProductId: function(pid) {
             return this.detect(function(obj) { return (obj.get('product').cid == pid); });
         },
     });
+
 @ 
 
-A little rocket science here: A [[Cart]] contains [[CartItems]].  Each
+\section{Views}
-``item'' represents a quantity of a [[Product]].  (I know, that always
-struck me as odd, but that's how most online stores do it.)
-[[CartItem]] has an update method that allows you to add more (but not
-remove any-- hey, the Sammy store wasn't any smarter, and this is For
-Demonstration Purposes Only), and we use the [[set]] method to make
-sure that a ``change'' event is triggered.
 
-The [[Cart]], in turn, has a method, getByPid (``Product ID''), which
+Backbone Views are simple policy objects.  They often have a root
-is meant to assist other objects in finding the [[CartItem]]
+element, the contents of which they manipulate, a model or collection
-associated with a specific product.  Here, I'm just using the Backbone
+they represent within that root element, events that may occur within
-default client id.
+that root element that they monitor and consequently act on.  Views
+are not rigid; it's just Javascript and the DOM, and you can hook
+external events as needed.  (This can be useful, for example, when
+doing drag-and-drop with jQueryUI to highlight valid drop zones.)
+More importantly, it is sensitive to events \textit{within its model
+  or collection}, and can respond to changes automatically, without
+having to manually invoke the view.
 
-The cart is represented by a little tag in the upper right-hand corner
+There are three views here: the CartView, the ProductListView, and a
-of the view; it never goes away, and its count is always the total
+single ProductView.
-number of [[Products]] (not [[CartItem]]s) ordered.  So the
+
-[[CartView]] needs to update whenever a [[CartItem]] is added or
+The [[CartView]] lives in the upper-right-hand corner of our screen,
-updated.  And we want a nifty little animation to go with it:
+and just shows the quantity of items in our shopping cart.  It has a
+default [[el]], where it will draw its quantity.  This view
+illustrates the binding to its collection: whenever the collection is
+updated in some way, the [[CartView]] automagically updates itself.
+The programmer is now relieved of any responsibility of remembering to
+update the view, which is a huge win.  The [[\_.bind()]] method
+associates the [[render]] with the instance of the [[CartView]].
+
+The [[render()]] method is the conventional name for rendering the
+elements.  Nothing in Backbone calls [[render()]] directly; it's up to
+the developer to decide how and when an object should should be
+rendered.
+
+This also illustrates the use of jQuery animations in Backbone.
 
 <<shopping cart view>>=
     var CartView = Backbone.View.extend({
         el: $('.cart-info'),
         
         initialize: function() {
-        this.model.bind('change', _.bind(this.render, this));
+            this.collection.bind('change', _.bind(this.render, this));
         },
         
         render: function() {
-        var sum = this.model.reduce(function(m, n) { return m + n.get('quantity'); }, 0);
+            var sum = this.collection.reduce(function(m, n) { return m + n.get('quantity'); }, 0);
             this.el
                 .find('.cart-items').text(sum).end()
                 .animate({paddingTop: '30px'})
                 .animate({paddingTop: '10px'});
         }
     });
+
+@ 
+%$
+
+The [[ProductListView]] again has a root element, this time the
+[[#main]] DIV of our HTML, into which we're going to draw a jQuery
+template list of our record albums.
+
+The only tricks here are the compilation of the jQuery template when
+the View is instantiated, and the use of an enclosured (is that a
+word?) [[self]] variable to provide a hard context for the [[this]]
+variable within inner jQuery calls.
+
+<<product list view>>=
+    var ProductListView = Backbone.View.extend({
+        el: $('#main'),
+        indexTemplate: $("#indexTmpl").template(),
+        
+        render: function() {
+            var self = this;
+            this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
+                self.el.html($.tmpl(self.indexTemplate, self.model.toJSON()));
+                self.el.fadeIn('fast');
+            });
+            return this;
+        }
+    });
+
 @ 
 
-A couple of things here: the render is rebound to [[this]] to make
+The view uses a jQuery template.  This is a simple, repeatable
-sure it renders in the context of the view.  I found that that was not
+template that jQuery.Template, upon encountering an array, repeats
-always happening.  Note the use of [[reduce]], a nifty method from
+until the array is exhausted.  Note the presence of [[\${cid}]].
-[[underscore.js]] that allows you to build a result out an array using
-an anonymous function.  This reduce, obviously, sums up the total
-quantity of items in the cart.  Also, jQuery enthusiasts could learn
-(I certainly did!) from the [[.find()]] and [[.end()]] methods, which
-push a child object onto the stack to be animated, and then pop it off
-after the operation has been applied.  
 
-The biggest thing left is the [[ProductView]].  It's skeleton looks
+<<product list template>>=
-like this:
+  <script id="indexTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
+    <div class="item">
+      <div class="item-image">
+        <a href="#item/${cid}"><img src="${image}" alt="${title}" /></a>
+      </div>
+      <div class="item-artist">${artist}</div>
+      <div class="item-title">${title}</div>
+      <div class="item-price">$${price}</div>
+    </div>
+  </script>
+@ 
+%$
+
+The most complicated object in our ecosystem is the product view.  It
+actually does something!  The prefix ought to be familiar, but note
+that we're again using [[#main]] as our target; we'll be replacing
+these contents over and over.
 
 <<product view>>=
     var ProductView = Backbone.View.extend({
         el: $('#main'),
         itemTemplate: $("#itemTmpl").template(),
 
-<<product events>>
-
         initialize: function(options) {
             this.cart = options.cart;
-    },
-
-<<update product>>
-
-<<render product>>
-});
-
-@ 
-
-First, we find the element we're going to work with, and the template.
-I expect the ProductView to be where we'll add items to the cart, so
-the initializer here expects to have a handle on the cart.
-
-And the template:
-
-<<product template>>=
-        <script id="itemTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
-        <div class="item-detail">
-          <div class="item-image"><img src="${attributes.large_image}" alt="${attributes.title}" /></div>
-          <div class="item-info">
-            <div class="item-artist">${attributes.artist}</div>
-            <div class="item-title">${attributes.title}</div>
-            <div class="item-price">$${attributes.price}</div>
-            <div class="item-form">
-              <form action="#/cart" method="post">
-                <input type="hidden" name="item_id" value="${cid}" />
-                <p>
-                  <label>Quantity:</label>
-                  <input type="text" size="2" name="quantity" value="1" class="uqf" />
-                </p>
-                <p><input type="submit" value="Add to Cart" class="uq" /></p>
-              </form>
-            </div>
-            <div class="item-link"><a href="${attributes.url}">Buy this item on Amazon</a></div>
-            <div class="back-link"><a href="#">&laquo; Back to Items</a></div>
-          </div>
-        </div>
-        </script>
-@ 
-
-One extra item: note the octothorpe used as the target link for
-``Home''.  I kept thinking an empty link or just ``/'' would be
-appropriate, but no, it's an octothorpe.
-
-Rendering the product is not difficult:
-
-<<render product>>=
-    render: function() {
-        var sg = this;
-        this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
-            sg.el.empty();
-            $.tmpl(sg.itemTemplate, sg.model).appendTo(sg.el);
-            sg.el.fadeIn('fast');
-        });
             return this;
-    }
-@ 
-
-That looks familiar.
-
-Updating the product, however, is a whole 'nother story.  Note that
-each product has a form associated with it.  We need to intercept any
-form update events and manipulate our shopping cart.  We have two
-objects that can do that: the input field, and the submit button.  I
-need to intercept those events:
-
-<<product events>>=
-    events: {
-        "keypress .uqf" : "updateOnEnter",
-        "click .uq"     : "update",
         },
+        
 @ 
 
-Backbone uses a curious definition of an event with an ``event
+We want to update the cart as needed.  Remember that when we update
-selector'', followed by a target method of the View class.  Backbone
+the cart item, the CartView will be notified automagically.  Later,
-is also limited about what events can be used here, as the following
+I'll show how when we initialize and route to a product view, we pass
-events cannot be wrapped by jQuery's delegate method and do not work:
+in the model associated with it.  This code ought to be fairly
-``focus'', ``blur'', ``change'', ``submit'', and ``reset''.
+readable: the only specialness is that it's receiving an event, and
+we're ``silencing'' the call to [[cart.add()]], which means that the
+cart collection will not publish any events.  There are only events
+when the item has more than zero, and that gets called on
+[[cart_item.update()]].
 
-The update then becomes straightforward.  We're in a view for a
+<<product view>>=
-specific product; we must see if the customer has a [[CartItem]] for
-that product in the [[Cart]], and add or update it as needed.  Like
-so:
-
-<<update product>>=
         update: function(e) {
             e.preventDefault();
-        var cart_item = this.cart.getByPid(this.model.cid);
+            var cart_item = this.cart.getByProductId(this.model.cid);
             if (_.isUndefined(cart_item)) {
                 cart_item = new CartItem({product: this.model, quantity: 0});
                 this.cart.add(cart_item, {silent: true});
@@ -426,48 +363,199 @@ so:
                 return this.update(e);
             }
         },
+
+@ 
+%$
+
+These are the events in which we're interested: keypresses and clicks
+on the update button and the quantity form.  (Okay, ``UQ'' isn't the
+best for ``update quantity''.  I admit that.)  Note the peculiar
+syntax of ``EVENT SELECTOR'': ``methodByName'' for each event.  
+
+Backbone tells us that the only events it can track by itself are
+those that jQuery's ``delegate'' understands.  As of 1.5, that seems
+to be just about all of them.  
+
+One thing that I was not aware of until recently: if you remove and
+replace the [[el]] object during the lifespan of your view (including
+in [[initialize()]]), you must then call [[delegateEvents()]] again on
+the new object for these events to work.
+
+<<product view>>=
+        events: {
+            "keypress .uqf" : "updateOnEnter",
+            "click .uq"     : "update",
+        },
+
 @ 
 
-We [[preventDefault]] to keep the traditional meaning of the submit
+And finally the render.  There is no rocket science here.  You've seen
-button from triggering.  When the [[CartItem]] is updated, it triggers
+this before.
-a ``change'' event, and the [[CartView]] will update itself
-automatically.  I added the ``silent'' option to keep the ``change''
-event from triggering twice when adding a new [[CartItem]] to the
-[[Cart]].
 
-And now I'm down to one last thing.  I haven't defined that product
+%'
-render call in the application controller.  The one thing I don't want
+<<product view>>=        
-to do is have [[ProductViews]] for every product, if I don't need
+        render: function() {
-them.  So I want to build them as-needed, but keep them, and associate
+            var self = this;
-them with the local [[Product]], so they can be recalled whenever we
+            this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
-want.  The underscore function [[isUndefined]] is excellent for this.
+                self.el.html($.tmpl(self.itemTemplate, self.model.toJSON()));
+                self.el.fadeIn('fast');
+            });
+            return this;
+        }
+    });
 
-<<product render call>>=
+@ 
+
+The template for a ProductView is straightforward.  It contains the
+form with the [[uq]] objects, the actions of which we intercept and
+operate on internally.  Backbone does this automatically using
+jQuery's [[delegate]] method.
+
+<<product template>>=
+<script id="itemTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
+  <div class="item-detail">
+    <div class="item-image"><img src="${large_image}" alt="${title}" /></div>
+    <div class="item-info">
+      <div class="item-artist">${artist}</div>
+      <div class="item-title">${title}</div>
+      <div class="item-price">$${price}</div>
+      <div class="item-form">
+        <form action="#/cart" method="post">
+          <input type="hidden" name="item_id" value="${cid}" />
+          <p>
+            <label>Quantity:</label>
+            <input type="text" size="2" name="quantity" value="1" class="uqf" />
+          </p>
+          <p><input type="submit" value="Add to Cart" class="uq" /></p>
+        </form>
+      </div>
+      <div class="item-link"><a href="${url}">Buy this item on Amazon</a></div>
+      <div class="back-link"><a href="#">&laquo; Back to Items</a></div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</script>
+@ 
+
+%'
+\section{The Router}
+
+The router is a fairly straightforward component.  It's purpose is to
+pay attention to the ``\#hash'' portion of your URL and, when it
+changes, do something.  Anything, really. [[Backbone.History]] is the
+event listener for the hash, so it has to be activated after the
+application.  In many ways, a Backbone ``Controller'' is just a big
+View with authority over the entire Viewport.
+
+To begin with, I'm going to keep track of the ``three'' views I care
+about: the CartView, the ProductListView, and the ProductView.  I'm
+going to cheat by attaching the ProductViews to their individual
+products, and invoke that view as necessary.
+
+<<application>>=
+    var BackboneStore = Backbone.Controller.extend({
+        _index: null,
+        _products: null,
+        _cart :null,
+@ 
+%$
+
+There are only two routes: home, and item:
+
+<<application>>=        
+        routes: {
+            "": "index",
+            "item/:id": "item",
+        },
+
+@ 
+
+Here's where things get interesting.  There are two schools of thought
+over the Controller; one, that the Controller ought to be able to get
+all the data it needs, and two, that the Controller ought to begin
+with enough data to do the job sensibly.  I fall into the second camp.
+I'm going to pass in to the [[initialize()]] method an array of
+objects representing all the products in the system.
+
+<<application>>=        
+        initialize: function(data) {
+            this._cart = new Cart();
+            new CartView({collection: this._cart});
+            this._products = new ProductCollection(data);
+            this._index = new ProductListView({model: this._products});
+            return this;
+        },
+
+@ 
+
+When we're routed to the [[index]] method, all we need to do is render
+the index:
+
+<<application>>=        
+        index: function() {
+            this._index.render();
+        },
+
+@ 
+
+When we are routed to a product, we need to find that product, get its
+view if it has one or create one if it doesn't, then call render:
+
+<<application>>=        
         item: function(id) {
-        if (_.isUndefined(this._products.getByCid(id)._view)) {
+            var product = this._products.getByCid(id);
-            this._products.getByCid(id)._view = new ProductView({model: this._products.getByCid(id),
+            if (_.isUndefined(product._view)) {
+                product._view = new ProductView({model: product,
                                                  cart: this._cart});
             }
-        this._products.getByCid(id)._view.render();
+            product._view.render();
         }
+    });
+
 @ 
 
-And now my store looks like
+And that's the entirety of the application.
 
-<<store.js>>=
+\section{Initialization}
-<<product models>>
 
-<<shopping cart models>>
+Initialization for most single-page applications happens when the DOM
+is ready.  So I'll do exactly that.
 
-<<shopping cart view>>
+This should be obvious, except what the Hell is that when/then
+construct?  That's a new feature of jQuery 1.5 called Deferreds (also
+known as Promises or Futures).  All jQuery 1.5 ajax calls are
+Deferreds that return data when you dereference them; [[when()]] is an
+instruction to wait until the ajax call is done, and [[then()]] is a
+chained instruction on what to do next.
 
-<<product view>>
+This is a trivial example, but when you have multiple streams of data
+coming in (say, you're loading independent schemas, or you have
+multiple, orthagonal data sets in your application, each with their
+own URL as per the Richardson Maturity Model), you can pass the array
+of ajax objects to [[when()]] and [[then()]] won't fire until they're
+all done.  Automagic synchronization is a miracle.
 
-<<index view>>
+<<initialization>>=
+    $(document).ready(function() {
+        var fetch_items = function() {
+            return $.ajax({
+                url: 'data/items.json',
+                data: {},
+                contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
+                dataType: "json"
+            });
+        };
 
-<<workspace>>
+        $.when(fetch_items()).then(function(data) {
+            new BackboneStore(data);
+            Backbone.history.start();
+        });
+    });
 @ 
+And that's it.  Put it all together, and you've got yourself a working
+Backbone Store.
 
-As always, this code is available at github.
+This code is available at my github at
+\nwanchorto{https://github.com/elfsternberg/The-Backbone-Store}{The
+  Backbone Store}.
 
 \end{document}

index.html

@@ -2,29 +2,29 @@
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
     <head>
-        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+        <title>
-
+            The Backbone Store
-        <title>The Backbone Store</title>
+        </title>
         <link rel="stylesheet" href="jsonstore.css" type="text/css" media="screen" charset="utf-8" />
 
           <script id="indexTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
             <div class="item">
               <div class="item-image">
-                     <a href="#item/${cid}"><img src="${attributes.image}" alt="${attributes.title}" /></a>
+                <a href="#item/${cid}"><img src="${image}" alt="${title}" /></a>
               </div>
-                 <div class="item-artist">${attributes.artist}</div>
+              <div class="item-artist">${artist}</div>
-                    <div class="item-title">${attributes.title}</div>
+              <div class="item-title">${title}</div>
-                    <div class="item-price">$${attributes.price}</div>
+              <div class="item-price">$${price}</div>
             </div>
           </script>
 
         <script id="itemTmpl" type="text/x-jquery-tmpl">
           <div class="item-detail">
-                  <div class="item-image"><img src="${attributes.large_image}" alt="${attributes.title}" /></div>
+            <div class="item-image"><img src="${large_image}" alt="${title}" /></div>
             <div class="item-info">
-                    <div class="item-artist">${attributes.artist}</div>
+              <div class="item-artist">${artist}</div>
-                    <div class="item-title">${attributes.title}</div>
+              <div class="item-title">${title}</div>
-                    <div class="item-price">$${attributes.price}</div>
+              <div class="item-price">$${price}</div>
               <div class="item-form">
                 <form action="#/cart" method="post">
                   <input type="hidden" name="item_id" value="${cid}" />
@@ -35,13 +35,14 @@
                   <p><input type="submit" value="Add to Cart" class="uq" /></p>
                 </form>
               </div>
-                    <div class="item-link"><a href="${attributes.url}">Buy this item on Amazon</a></div>
+              <div class="item-link"><a href="${url}">Buy this item on Amazon</a></div>
               <div class="back-link"><a href="#">&laquo; Back to Items</a></div>
             </div>
           </div>
         </script>
 
     </head>
+
     <body>
         <div id="container">
             <div id="header">
@@ -54,10 +55,9 @@
                 </div>
             </div>
 
-            <div id="main">
+            <div id="main"> </div>
         </div>
-        </div>
+        <script src="jquery-1.5.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
-        <script src="jquery-1.4.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="jquery.tmpl.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="underscore.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
         <script src="backbone.js" type="text/javascript"></script>

jquery-1.4.4.min.js

@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-/*!
- * jQuery JavaScript Library v1.4.4
- * http://jquery.com/
- *
- * Copyright 2010, John Resig
- * Dual licensed under the MIT or GPL Version 2 licenses.
- * http://jquery.org/license
- *
- * Includes Sizzle.js
- * http://sizzlejs.com/
- * Copyright 2010, The Dojo Foundation
- * Released under the MIT, BSD, and GPL Licenses.
- *
- * Date: Thu Nov 11 19:04:53 2010 -0500
- */
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-d,e,f)}});c.extend({speed:function(a,b,d){var e=a&&typeof a==="object"?c.extend({},a):{complete:d||!d&&b||c.isFunction(a)&&a,duration:a,easing:d&&b||b&&!c.isFunction(b)&&b};e.duration=c.fx.off?0:typeof e.duration==="number"?e.duration:e.duration in c.fx.speeds?c.fx.speeds[e.duration]:c.fx.speeds._default;e.old=e.complete;e.complete=function(){e.queue!==false&&c(this).dequeue();c.isFunction(e.old)&&e.old.call(this)};return e},easing:{linear:function(a,b,d,e){return d+e*a},swing:function(a,b,d,e){return(-Math.cos(a*
-Math.PI)/2+0.5)*e+d}},timers:[],fx:function(a,b,d){this.options=b;this.elem=a;this.prop=d;if(!b.orig)b.orig={}}});c.fx.prototype={update:function(){this.options.step&&this.options.step.call(this.elem,this.now,this);(c.fx.step[this.prop]||c.fx.step._default)(this)},cur:function(){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&(!this.elem.style||this.elem.style[this.prop]==null))return this.elem[this.prop];var a=parseFloat(c.css(this.elem,this.prop));return a&&a>-1E4?a:0},custom:function(a,b,d){function e(l){return f.step(l)}
-var f=this,h=c.fx;this.startTime=c.now();this.start=a;this.end=b;this.unit=d||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;this.pos=this.state=0;e.elem=this.elem;if(e()&&c.timers.push(e)&&!ba)ba=setInterval(h.tick,h.interval)},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=c.style(this.elem,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(this.prop==="width"||this.prop==="height"?1:0,this.cur());c(this.elem).show()},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=c.style(this.elem,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;
-this.custom(this.cur(),0)},step:function(a){var b=c.now(),d=true;if(a||b>=this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;for(var e in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[e]!==true)d=false;if(d){if(this.options.overflow!=null&&!c.support.shrinkWrapBlocks){var f=this.elem,h=this.options;c.each(["","X","Y"],function(k,o){f.style["overflow"+o]=h.overflow[k]})}this.options.hide&&c(this.elem).hide();if(this.options.hide||
-this.options.show)for(var l in this.options.curAnim)c.style(this.elem,l,this.options.orig[l]);this.options.complete.call(this.elem)}return false}else{a=b-this.startTime;this.state=a/this.options.duration;b=this.options.easing||(c.easing.swing?"swing":"linear");this.pos=c.easing[this.options.specialEasing&&this.options.specialEasing[this.prop]||b](this.state,a,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+(this.end-this.start)*this.pos;this.update()}return true}};c.extend(c.fx,{tick:function(){for(var a=
-c.timers,b=0;b<a.length;b++)a[b]()||a.splice(b--,1);a.length||c.fx.stop()},interval:13,stop:function(){clearInterval(ba);ba=null},speeds:{slow:600,fast:200,_default:400},step:{opacity:function(a){c.style(a.elem,"opacity",a.now)},_default:function(a){if(a.elem.style&&a.elem.style[a.prop]!=null)a.elem.style[a.prop]=(a.prop==="width"||a.prop==="height"?Math.max(0,a.now):a.now)+a.unit;else a.elem[a.prop]=a.now}}});if(c.expr&&c.expr.filters)c.expr.filters.animated=function(a){return c.grep(c.timers,function(b){return a===
-b.elem}).length};var xb=/^t(?:able|d|h)$/i,Ia=/^(?:body|html)$/i;c.fn.offset="getBoundingClientRect"in t.documentElement?function(a){var b=this[0],d;if(a)return this.each(function(l){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,l)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);try{d=b.getBoundingClientRect()}catch(e){}var f=b.ownerDocument,h=f.documentElement;if(!d||!c.contains(h,b))return d||{top:0,left:0};b=f.body;f=fa(f);return{top:d.top+(f.pageYOffset||c.support.boxModel&&
-h.scrollTop||b.scrollTop)-(h.clientTop||b.clientTop||0),left:d.left+(f.pageXOffset||c.support.boxModel&&h.scrollLeft||b.scrollLeft)-(h.clientLeft||b.clientLeft||0)}}:function(a){var b=this[0];if(a)return this.each(function(x){c.offset.setOffset(this,a,x)});if(!b||!b.ownerDocument)return null;if(b===b.ownerDocument.body)return c.offset.bodyOffset(b);c.offset.initialize();var d,e=b.offsetParent,f=b.ownerDocument,h=f.documentElement,l=f.body;d=(f=f.defaultView)?f.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;
-for(var k=b.offsetTop,o=b.offsetLeft;(b=b.parentNode)&&b!==l&&b!==h;){if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&d.position==="fixed")break;d=f?f.getComputedStyle(b,null):b.currentStyle;k-=b.scrollTop;o-=b.scrollLeft;if(b===e){k+=b.offsetTop;o+=b.offsetLeft;if(c.offset.doesNotAddBorder&&!(c.offset.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells&&xb.test(b.nodeName))){k+=parseFloat(d.borderTopWidth)||0;o+=parseFloat(d.borderLeftWidth)||0}e=b.offsetParent}if(c.offset.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible&&d.overflow!=="visible"){k+=
-parseFloat(d.borderTopWidth)||0;o+=parseFloat(d.borderLeftWidth)||0}d=d}if(d.position==="relative"||d.position==="static"){k+=l.offsetTop;o+=l.offsetLeft}if(c.offset.supportsFixedPosition&&d.position==="fixed"){k+=Math.max(h.scrollTop,l.scrollTop);o+=Math.max(h.scrollLeft,l.scrollLeft)}return{top:k,left:o}};c.offset={initialize:function(){var a=t.body,b=t.createElement("div"),d,e,f,h=parseFloat(c.css(a,"marginTop"))||0;c.extend(b.style,{position:"absolute",top:0,left:0,margin:0,border:0,width:"1px",
-height:"1px",visibility:"hidden"});b.innerHTML="<div style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;'><div></div></div><table style='position:absolute;top:0;left:0;margin:0;border:5px solid #000;padding:0;width:1px;height:1px;' cellpadding='0' cellspacing='0'><tr><td></td></tr></table>";a.insertBefore(b,a.firstChild);d=b.firstChild;e=d.firstChild;f=d.nextSibling.firstChild.firstChild;this.doesNotAddBorder=e.offsetTop!==5;this.doesAddBorderForTableAndCells=
-f.offsetTop===5;e.style.position="fixed";e.style.top="20px";this.supportsFixedPosition=e.offsetTop===20||e.offsetTop===15;e.style.position=e.style.top="";d.style.overflow="hidden";d.style.position="relative";this.subtractsBorderForOverflowNotVisible=e.offsetTop===-5;this.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset=a.offsetTop!==h;a.removeChild(b);c.offset.initialize=c.noop},bodyOffset:function(a){var b=a.offsetTop,d=a.offsetLeft;c.offset.initialize();if(c.offset.doesNotIncludeMarginInBodyOffset){b+=parseFloat(c.css(a,
-"marginTop"))||0;d+=parseFloat(c.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0}return{top:b,left:d}},setOffset:function(a,b,d){var e=c.css(a,"position");if(e==="static")a.style.position="relative";var f=c(a),h=f.offset(),l=c.css(a,"top"),k=c.css(a,"left"),o=e==="absolute"&&c.inArray("auto",[l,k])>-1;e={};var x={};if(o)x=f.position();l=o?x.top:parseInt(l,10)||0;k=o?x.left:parseInt(k,10)||0;if(c.isFunction(b))b=b.call(a,d,h);if(b.top!=null)e.top=b.top-h.top+l;if(b.left!=null)e.left=b.left-h.left+k;"using"in b?b.using.call(a,
-e):f.css(e)}};c.fn.extend({position:function(){if(!this[0])return null;var a=this[0],b=this.offsetParent(),d=this.offset(),e=Ia.test(b[0].nodeName)?{top:0,left:0}:b.offset();d.top-=parseFloat(c.css(a,"marginTop"))||0;d.left-=parseFloat(c.css(a,"marginLeft"))||0;e.top+=parseFloat(c.css(b[0],"borderTopWidth"))||0;e.left+=parseFloat(c.css(b[0],"borderLeftWidth"))||0;return{top:d.top-e.top,left:d.left-e.left}},offsetParent:function(){return this.map(function(){for(var a=this.offsetParent||t.body;a&&!Ia.test(a.nodeName)&&
-c.css(a,"position")==="static";)a=a.offsetParent;return a})}});c.each(["Left","Top"],function(a,b){var d="scroll"+b;c.fn[d]=function(e){var f=this[0],h;if(!f)return null;if(e!==B)return this.each(function(){if(h=fa(this))h.scrollTo(!a?e:c(h).scrollLeft(),a?e:c(h).scrollTop());else this[d]=e});else return(h=fa(f))?"pageXOffset"in h?h[a?"pageYOffset":"pageXOffset"]:c.support.boxModel&&h.document.documentElement[d]||h.document.body[d]:f[d]}});c.each(["Height","Width"],function(a,b){var d=b.toLowerCase();
-c.fn["inner"+b]=function(){return this[0]?parseFloat(c.css(this[0],d,"padding")):null};c.fn["outer"+b]=function(e){return this[0]?parseFloat(c.css(this[0],d,e?"margin":"border")):null};c.fn[d]=function(e){var f=this[0];if(!f)return e==null?null:this;if(c.isFunction(e))return this.each(function(l){var k=c(this);k[d](e.call(this,l,k[d]()))});if(c.isWindow(f))return f.document.compatMode==="CSS1Compat"&&f.document.documentElement["client"+b]||f.document.body["client"+b];else if(f.nodeType===9)return Math.max(f.documentElement["client"+
-b],f.body["scroll"+b],f.documentElement["scroll"+b],f.body["offset"+b],f.documentElement["offset"+b]);else if(e===B){f=c.css(f,d);var h=parseFloat(f);return c.isNaN(h)?f:h}else return this.css(d,typeof e==="string"?e:e+"px")}})})(window);

store.js

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
-var Product = Backbone.Model.extend({});
+(function() {
+
+    var Product = Backbone.Model.extend({
+        toJSON: function() {
+            return _.extend(_.clone(this.attributes), {cid: this.cid})
+        }
+    });
 
     var ProductCollection = Backbone.Collection.extend({
         model: Product,
+
         comparator: function(item) {
             return item.get('title');
         }
@@ -13,23 +20,23 @@ var CartItem = Backbone.Model.extend({
         }
     });
 
-
     var Cart = Backbone.Collection.extend({
         model: CartItem,
-    getByPid: function(pid) {
+        getByProductId: function(pid) {
             return this.detect(function(obj) { return (obj.get('product').cid == pid); });
         },
     });
 
+
     var CartView = Backbone.View.extend({
         el: $('.cart-info'),
         
         initialize: function() {
-        this.model.bind('change', _.bind(this.render, this));
+            this.collection.bind('change', _.bind(this.render, this));
         },
         
         render: function() {
-        var sum = this.model.reduce(function(m, n) { return m + n.get('quantity'); }, 0);
+            var sum = this.collection.reduce(function(m, n) { return m + n.get('quantity'); }, 0);
             this.el
                 .find('.cart-items').text(sum).end()
                 .animate({paddingTop: '30px'})
@@ -37,22 +44,34 @@ var CartView = Backbone.View.extend({
         }
     });
 
+
+    var ProductListView = Backbone.View.extend({
+        el: $('#main'),
+        indexTemplate: $("#indexTmpl").template(),
+        
+        render: function() {
+            var self = this;
+            this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
+                self.el.html($.tmpl(self.indexTemplate, self.model.toJSON()));
+                self.el.fadeIn('fast');
+            });
+            return this;
+        }
+    });
+
+
     var ProductView = Backbone.View.extend({
         el: $('#main'),
         itemTemplate: $("#itemTmpl").template(),
 
-    events: {
-        "keypress .uqf" : "updateOnEnter",
-        "click .uq"     : "update",
-    },
-
         initialize: function(options) {
             this.cart = options.cart;
+            return this;
         },
         
         update: function(e) {
             e.preventDefault();
-        var cart_item = this.cart.getByPid(this.model.cid);
+            var cart_item = this.cart.getByProductId(this.model.cid);
             if (_.isUndefined(cart_item)) {
                 cart_item = new CartItem({product: this.model, quantity: 0});
                 this.cart.add(cart_item, {silent: true});
@@ -66,61 +85,36 @@ var ProductView = Backbone.View.extend({
             }
         },
 
+        events: {
+            "keypress .uqf" : "updateOnEnter",
+            "click .uq"     : "update",
+        },
+
         render: function() {
-        var sg = this;
+            var self = this;
             this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
-            sg.el.empty();
+                self.el.html($.tmpl(self.itemTemplate, self.model.toJSON()));
-            $.tmpl(sg.itemTemplate, sg.model).appendTo(sg.el);
+                self.el.fadeIn('fast');
-            sg.el.fadeIn('fast');
             });
             return this;
         }
     });
 
 
-var IndexView = Backbone.View.extend({
+    var BackboneStore = Backbone.Controller.extend({
-    el: $('#main'),
-    indexTemplate: $("#indexTmpl").template(),
-
-    render: function() {
-        var sg = this;
-        this.el.fadeOut('fast', function() {
-            sg.el.empty();
-            $.tmpl(sg.indexTemplate, sg.model.toArray()).appendTo(sg.el);
-            sg.el.fadeIn('fast');
-        });
-        return this;
-    }
-
-});
-
-var Workspace = Backbone.Controller.extend({
         _index: null,
         _products: null,
         _cart :null,
-
         routes: {
             "": "index",
             "item/:id": "item",
         },
 
-    initialize: function() {
+        initialize: function(data) {
-        var ws = this;
+            this._cart = new Cart();
-        if (this._index === null) {
+            new CartView({collection: this._cart});
-            $.ajax({
+            this._products = new ProductCollection(data);
-                url: 'data/items.json',
+            this._index = new ProductListView({model: this._products});
-                dataType: 'json',
-                data: {},
-                success: function(data) {
-                    ws._cart = new Cart();
-                    new CartView({model: ws._cart});
-                    ws._products = new ProductCollection(data);
-                    ws._index = new IndexView({model: ws._products});
-                    Backbone.history.loadUrl();
-                }
-            });
-            return this;
-        }
             return this;
         },
 
@@ -129,13 +123,30 @@ var Workspace = Backbone.Controller.extend({
         },
 
         item: function(id) {
-        if (_.isUndefined(this._products.getByCid(id)._view)) {
+            var product = this._products.getByCid(id);
-            this._products.getByCid(id)._view = new ProductView({model: this._products.getByCid(id),
+            if (_.isUndefined(product._view)) {
+                product._view = new ProductView({model: product,
                                                  cart: this._cart});
             }
-        this._products.getByCid(id)._view.render();
+            product._view.render();
         }
     });
 
-workspace = new Workspace();
+
+    $(document).ready(function() {
+        var fetch_items = function() {
+            return $.ajax({
+                url: 'data/items.json',
+                data: {},
+                contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
+                dataType: "json"
+            });
+        };
+
+        $.when(fetch_items()).then(function(data) {
+            new BackboneStore(data);
             Backbone.history.start();
+        });
+    });
+
+}).call(this);